Prospective Relationship of Change in Ideal Cardiovascular Health Status and Arterial Stiffness: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study

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Abstract

Background

In 2010, the American Heart Association defined ideal cardiovascular health as the simultaneous presence of 4 favorable health behaviors (nonsmoking, ideal body mass index, physical activity at goal, and dietary pattern that promotes cardiovascular health) and 3 favorable health factors (ideal levels of total cholesterol, blood pressure, and fasting glucose). The association between a change in ideal cardiovascular health status and pulse wave velocity, a surrogate marker of cardiovascular disease, has not been reported.

Methods and Results

The study cohort consisted of 1143 white adults from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study who were followed for 21 years since baseline (1986). This cohort was divided in 2 subgroups: 803 participants (aged 9 to 18 years at baseline) to study the health status change from childhood to adulthood and 340 participants (aged 21 to 24 years at baseline) to study health status change from young adulthood to middle age. The change in the ideal cardiovascular health index was inversely associated with pulse wave velocity (adjusted for age, sex, and heart rate), every 1‐point increase corresponded to a 0.09‐m/s ( P<0.001) decrease in pulse wave velocity in both groups. This association remained significant in subgroups based on the ideal cardiovascular health index at baseline.

Conclusions

The change in ideal cardiovascular health status, both from childhood to adulthood and from young adulthood to middle age, was an independent predictor of adult pulse wave velocity. Our results support the concept of ideal cardiovascular health as a useful tool for primordial prevention of cardiovascular disease.

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Most cited references 23

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Physical activity from childhood to adulthood: a 21-year tracking study.

Risto Telama, Xiaolin Yang, Jorma Viikari … (2005)

The aim of this study was to investigate stability of physical activity from childhood and adolescence to adulthood in multiple age cohorts, and analyze how well adult physical activity can be predicted by various physical activity variables measured in childhood and adolescence. The data were drawn from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. The study was started in 1980, when cohorts of randomly sampled boys and girls aged 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 years (total of 2309 subjects) were examined for the first time. The measurements were repeated in 1983, 1986, 1989, 1992, and 2001. In 2001, the subjects (n =1563, 68%) were aged 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, and 39 years, respectively. Physical activity was measured by means of a short self-report questionnaire that was administered individually in connection with a medical examination. On the basis of a questionnaire, a physical activity index (PAI) was calculated. There were no significant differences in the 1980 PAI between participants and dropouts in 2001. Spearmans rank order correlation coefficients for the 21-year tracking period varied from 0.33 to 0.44 in males, and from 0.14 to 0.26 in females. At shorter time intervals the correlation was higher. On average, the tracking correlation was lower in females than in males. Persistent physical activity, defined as a score in the most active third of the PAI in two or three consecutive measurements, increased the odds that an individual would be active in adulthood. Odds ratios for 3-year continuous activity versus continuous inactivity varied from 4.30 to 7.10 in males and 2.90 to 5.60 in females. The corresponding odds ratios for 6-year persistence were 8.70 to 10.80 and 5.90 to 9.40. It was concluded that a high level of physical activity at ages 9 to 18, especially when continuous, significantly predicted a high level of adult physical activity. Although the correlations were low or moderate, we consider it important that school-age physical activity appears to influence adult physical activity, and through it, the public health of the general population.

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Consistent dietary patterns identified from childhood to adulthood: the cardiovascular risk in Young Finns Study.

V Mikkilä, L Räsänen, O. Raitakari … (2005)

Dietary patterns are useful in nutritional epidemiology, providing a comprehensive alternative to the traditional approach based on single nutrients. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study is a prospective cohort study with a 21-year follow-up. At baseline, detailed quantitative information on subjects' food consumption was obtained using a 48 h dietary recall method (n 1768, aged 3-18 years). The interviews were repeated after 6 and 21 years (n 1200 and n 1037, respectively). We conducted a principal component analysis to identify major dietary patterns at each study point. A set of two similar patterns was recognised throughout the study. Pattern 1 was positively correlated with consumption of traditional Finnish foods, such as rye, potatoes, milk, butter, sausages and coffee, and negatively correlated with fruit, berries and dairy products other than milk. Pattern 1 type of diet was more common among male subjects, smokers and those living in rural areas. Pattern 2, predominant among female subjects, non-smokers and in urban areas, was characterised by more health-conscious food choices such as vegetables, legumes and nuts, tea, rye, cheese and other dairy products, and also by consumption of alcoholic beverages. Tracking of the pattern scores was observed, particularly among subjects who were adolescents at baseline. Of those originally belonging to the uppermost quintile of pattern 1 and 2 scores, 41 and 38 % respectively, persisted in the same quintile 21 years later. Our results suggest that food behaviour and concrete food choices are established already in childhood or adolescence and may significantly track into adulthood.

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Childhood cardiovascular risk factors and carotid vascular changes in adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study.

Shengxu Li, Wei Chen, Sathanur R. Srinivasan … (2003)

Carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) is associated with cardiovascular risk factors and is recognized as an important predictive measure of clinical coronary atherosclerosis events in middle-aged and elderly populations. However, information on the association of carotid IMT in young adults with different risk factors measured in childhood, adulthood, or as a cumulative burden of each of the risk factors measured serially from childhood to adulthood is limited. To examine the association between carotid IMT in young adults and traditional cardiovascular risk factors measured since childhood. A cohort study of 486 adults aged 25 to 37 years from a semirural black and white community in Bogalusa, La (71% white, 39% men), who had at least 3 measurements of traditional risk factors since childhood, conducted between September 1973 and December 1996. Association of carotid IMT with risk factors, including systolic blood pressure, lipoprotein levels, and body mass index. Male vs female (0.757 mm vs 0.719 mm) and black vs white (0.760 mm vs 0.723 mm) participants had increased carotid IMT (P<.001 for both). In multivariable analyses, significant predictors for being in top vs lower 3 quartiles of carotid IMT in young adults were childhood measures of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level (odds ratio [OR], 1.42, corresponding to 1-SD change specific for age, race, and sex; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14-1.78) and body mass index (BMI; OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.01-1.54); adulthood measures of LDL-C level (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.16-1.82), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.51-0.88), and systolic blood pressure (OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.08-1.72); and long-term cumulative burden of LDL-C (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.24-2.01) and HDL-C (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.58-0.97) levels measured serially from childhood to adulthood. An increasing trend in carotid IMT across quartiles of LDL-C level measured in childhood was observed, with a mean value of 0.761 mm (95% CI, 0.743-0.780 mm) for those at the top quartile vs 0.724 mm (95% CI, 0.715-0.734 mm) for those in the lower 3 quartiles (P<.001). Childhood measures of LDL-C level and BMI predict carotid IMT in young adults. The prevention implications of these findings remains to be explored.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Am Heart Assoc

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Am Heart Assoc

Journal ID (hwp): ahaoa

Journal ID (publisher-id): jah3

Title: Journal of the American Heart Association: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease

Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd

ISSN (Electronic): 2047-9980

Publication date Collection: April 2014

Publication date (Electronic): 25 April 2014

Volume: 3

Issue: 2

Electronic Location Identifier: e000532

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland (H.A., T.K., M.)

[2 ]Department of Pediatrics, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland (N.H.)

[3 ]Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland (T.L.)

[4 ]School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland (T.L., M.)

[5 ]Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (M.J., J.A.V.)

[6 ]Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (O.T.R.)

[7 ]Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (M.J., T.T.L., K.P., O.T.R.)

[8 ]Paavo Nurmi Center, Sports and Exercise Medicine Unit, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (K.P.)

[9 ]Division of Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (V.M.)

[10 ]Department of Sport Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland (R.T.)

Author notes

Correspondence to: Mika Kähönen, MD, PhD, Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, Tampere FI‐33521, Finland. E‐mail: mika.kahonen@ 123456uta.fi

Article

Publisher ID: jah3459

DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.113.000532

PMC ID: 4187504

PubMed ID: 24614756

SO-VID: 391feba2-622b-4109-ab53-dafd5c7c569d

License:

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

Prospective Relationship of Change in Ideal Cardiovascular Health Status and Arterial Stiffness: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study

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Abstract

Background

Methods and Results

Conclusions

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Cardiovascular Innovations and Applications

Most cited references 23

Physical activity from childhood to adulthood: a 21-year tracking study.

Consistent dietary patterns identified from childhood to adulthood: the cardiovascular risk in Young Finns Study.

Childhood cardiovascular risk factors and carotid vascular changes in adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study.

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