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      Breastfeeding policy: a globally comparative analysis Translated title: Politique d'allaitement maternel: une analyse comparative au niveau mondial Translated title: Estrategias para la lactancia: un análisis comparativo a nivel mundial

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To explore the extent to which national policies guaranteeing breastfeeding breaks to working women may facilitate breastfeeding. METHODS: An analysis was conducted of the number of countries that guarantee breastfeeding breaks, the daily number of hours guaranteed, and the duration of guarantees. To obtain current, detailed information on national policies, original legislation as well as secondary sources on 182 of the 193 Member States of the United Nations were examined. Regression analyses were conducted to test the association between national policy and rates of exclusive breastfeeding while controlling for national income level, level of urbanization, female percentage of the labour force and female literacy rate. FINDINGS: Breastfeeding breaks with pay are guaranteed in 130 countries (71%) and unpaid breaks are guaranteed in seven (4%). No policy on breastfeeding breaks exists in 45 countries (25%). In multivariate models, the guarantee of paid breastfeeding breaks for at least 6 months was associated with an increase of 8.86 percentage points in the rate of exclusive breastfeeding (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: A greater percentage of women practise exclusive breastfeeding in countries where laws guarantee breastfeeding breaks at work. If these findings are confirmed in longitudinal studies, health outcomes could be improved by passing legislation on breastfeeding breaks in countries that do not yet ensure the right to breastfeed.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIF: Découvrir dans quelle mesure les politiques nationales garantissant les «pauses allaitement» pour les femmes qui travaillent peuvent faciliter l'allaitement. MÉTHODES: Une étude a été menée sur le nombre de pays qui mettent en place des «pauses allaitement», le nombre d'heures octroyées par jour et la durée de vie de ces dispositions. Pour obtenir des renseignements détaillés et à jour sur ces politiques nationales, des lois locales et des sources secondaires de 182 des 193 États membres des Nations Unies ont été examinées. Des analyses de régression ont été menées afin d'analyser le lien existant entre la politique nationale en vigueur et le pourcentage de femmes ayant opté pour un allaitement maternel exclusif, tout en contrôlant le niveau de revenu national, le niveau d'urbanisation, le pourcentage de femmes actives et le taux d'alphabétisation des femmes. RÉSULTATS: Les «pauses allaitement» rémunérées ont été mises en place dans 130 pays (71%) et les pauses non rémunérées dans 7 d'entre eux (4%). L'absence de politiques sur les «pauses allaitement» est à noter dans 45 pays (25%). Dans les modèles multivariés, la mise en place de «pauses allaitement» rémunérées pendant au moins 6 mois a été associée à une augmentation de 8,86 points du pourcentage d'allaitement exclusif (P < 0,05). CONCLUSION: Un pourcentage plus élevé de femmes pratiquent l'allaitement maternel exclusif dans les pays où les lois garantissent des «pauses allaitement» au travail. Si ces résultats sont confirmés dans des études longitudinales, les répercussions sur la santé pourraient être bénéfiques si des lois sur les «pauses allaitement» étaient adoptées dans les pays qui ne garantissent pas encore le droit à l'allaitement.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: Investigar en qué medida podrían facilitar la lactancia las estrategias nacionales que garantizan permisos de lactancia para mujeres trabajadoras. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un análisis del número de países que garantizan los permisos de lactancia, el número diario de horas garantizado y la duración de esos permisos. A fin de obtener información actual y detallada sobre las estrategias nacionales, se examinaron tanto la legislación original como fuentes secundarias de 182 de los 193 Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas. Se llevaron a cabo análisis de regresión para examinar la asociación entre la estrategia nacional y las tasas de lactancia exclusiva, al tiempo que se tuvo en cuenta el nivel de ingresos nacional, el nivel de urbanización, el porcentaje de mujeres de la población activa y la tasa de alfabetización femenina. RESULTADOS: Los permisos de lactancia remunerados están garantizados en 130 países (71%). Siete países (4%) garantizan permisos de lactancia no remunerados y en 45 países (25%) no existe ninguna estrategia sobre la lactancia. En modelos multivariados, los permisos de lactancia remunerados garantizados durante al menos seis meses estuvieron asociados con un aumento de 8,86 puntos porcentuales en la tasa de lactancia exclusiva (P< 0,05). CONCLUSIÓN: El porcentaje de mujeres que practica la lactancia exclusiva fue mayor en los países en los que las leyes garantizan los permisos de lactancia en el trabajo. Si estos resultados quedaran confirmados con estudios longitudinales, sería posible mejorar los resultados sanitarios mediante la aprobación de legislación sobre permisos de lactancia en aquellos países que aún no garantizan el derecho a la lactancia.

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          Breastfeeding and child cognitive development: new evidence from a large randomized trial.

          The evidence that breastfeeding improves cognitive development is based almost entirely on observational studies and is thus prone to confounding by subtle behavioral differences in the breastfeeding mother's behavior or her interaction with the infant. To assess whether prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding improves children's cognitive ability at age 6.5 years. Cluster-randomized trial, with enrollment from June 17, 1996, to December 31, 1997, and follow-up from December 21, 2002, to April 27, 2005. Thirty-one Belarussian maternity hospitals and their affiliated polyclinics. A total of 17,046 healthy breastfeeding infants were enrolled, of whom 13,889 (81.5%) were followed up at age 6.5 years. Breastfeeding promotion intervention modeled on the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative by the World Health Organization and UNICEF. Subtest and IQ scores on the Wechsler Abbreviated Scales of Intelligence, and teacher evaluations of academic performance in reading, writing, mathematics, and other subjects. The experimental intervention led to a large increase in exclusive breastfeeding at age 3 months (43.3% for the experimental group vs 6.4% for the control group; P < .001) and a significantly higher prevalence of any breastfeeding at all ages up to and including 12 months. The experimental group had higher means on all of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scales of Intelligence measures, with cluster-adjusted mean differences (95% confidence intervals) of +7.5 (+0.8 to +14.3) for verbal IQ, +2.9 (-3.3 to +9.1) for performance IQ, and +5.9 (-1.0 to +12.8) for full-scale IQ. Teachers' academic ratings were significantly higher in the experimental group for both reading and writing. These results, based on the largest randomized trial ever conducted in the area of human lactation, provide strong evidence that prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding improves children's cognitive development. isrctn.org Identifier: ISRCTN37687716.
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            World development indicators

            (2012)
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              Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries.

              We reviewed the evidence on the effects of breastfeeding on short- and long-term infant and maternal health outcomes in developed countries. We searched MEDLINE(R), CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library in November of 2005. Supplemental searches on selected outcomes were searched through May of 2006. We also identified additional studies in bibliographies of selected reviews and by suggestions from technical experts. We included systematic reviews/meta-analyses, randomized and non-randomized comparative trials, prospective cohort, and case-control studies on the effects of breastfeeding and relevant outcomes published in the English language. Included studies must have a comparative arm of formula feeding or different durations of breastfeeding. Only studies conducted in developed countries were included in the updates of previous systematic reviews. The studies were graded for methodological quality. We screened over 9,000 abstracts. Forty-three primary studies on infant health outcomes, 43 primary studies on maternal health outcomes, and 29 systematic reviews or meta-analyses that covered approximately 400 individual studies were included in this review. We found that a history of breastfeeding was associated with a reduction in the risk of acute otitis media, non-specific gastroenteritis, severe lower respiratory tract infections, atopic dermatitis, asthma (young children), obesity, type 1 and 2 diabetes, childhood leukemia, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and necrotizing enterocolitis. There was no relationship between breastfeeding in term infants and cognitive performance. The relationship between breastfeeding and cardiovascular diseases was unclear. Similarly, it was also unclear concerning the relationship between breastfeeding and infant mortality in developed countries. For maternal outcomes, a history of lactation was associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, breast, and ovarian cancer. Early cessation of breastfeeding or not breastfeeding was associated with an increased risk of maternal postpartum depression. There was no relationship between a history of lactation and the risk of osteoporosis. The effect of breastfeeding in mothers on return-to-pre-pregnancy weight was negligible, and the effect of breastfeeding on postpartum weight loss was unclear. A history of breastfeeding is associated with a reduced risk of many diseases in infants and mothers from developed countries. Because almost all the data in this review were gathered from observational studies, one should not infer causality based on these findings. Also, there is a wide range of quality of the body of evidence across different health outcomes. For future studies, clear subject selection criteria and definition of "exclusive breastfeeding," reliable collection of feeding data, controlling for important confounders including child-specific factors, and blinded assessment of the outcome measures will help. Sibling analysis provides a method to control for hereditary and household factors that are important in certain outcomes. In addition, cluster randomized controlled studies on the effectiveness of various breastfeeding promotion interventions will provide further opportunity to investigate any disparity in health outcomes as a result of the intervention.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra )
                0042-9686
                June 2013
                : 91
                : 6
                : 398-406
                Affiliations
                [1 ] University of California USA
                [2 ] Brandeis University USA
                Article
                S0042-96862013000600007
                10.2471/BLT.12.109363
                24052676
                394abb7a-afa4-4d33-a45e-3f9e6e47f6ab

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0042-9686&lng=en
                Categories
                Health Policy & Services

                Public health
                Public health

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