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      Circadian Rhythm Disruption and Subsequent Neurological Disorders in Night-Shift Workers

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          Abstract

          A large number of people in highly industrialized society are employed in night-shift work. Night-shift work interrupts the 24-hour daily cycle known as the circadian rhythm, as well as melatonin synthesis. These disruptions can make the body susceptible to oxidative stress and neural damage. In this regard, it is recommended that employees avoid long-term exposure to night-shift work.

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          Molecular components of the mammalian circadian clock.

          Caroline Ko, Joseph S Takahashi (2006)
          Circadian rhythms are approximately 24-h oscillations in behavior and physiology, which are internally generated and function to anticipate the environmental changes associated with the solar day. A conserved transcriptional-translational autoregulatory loop generates molecular oscillations of 'clock genes' at the cellular level. In mammals, the circadian system is organized in a hierarchical manner, in which a master pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) regulates downstream oscillators in peripheral tissues. Recent findings have revealed that the clock is cell-autonomous and self-sustained not only in a central pacemaker, the SCN, but also in peripheral tissues and in dissociated cultured cells. It is becoming evident that specific contribution of each clock component and interactions among the components vary in a tissue-specific manner. Here, we review the general mechanisms of the circadian clockwork, describe recent findings that elucidate tissue-specific expression patterns of the clock genes and address the importance of circadian regulation in peripheral tissues for an organism's overall well-being.
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            Molecular analysis of mammalian circadian rhythms.

            S M Reppert, D Weaver (2001)
            In mammals, a master circadian "clock" resides in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus. The SCN clock is composed of multiple, single-cell circadian oscillators, which, when synchronized, generate coordinated circadian outputs that regulate overt rhythms. Eight clock genes have been cloned that are involved in interacting transcriptional-/translational-feedback loops that compose the molecular clockwork. The daily light-dark cycle ultimately impinges on the control of two clock genes that reset the core clock mechanism in the SCN. Clock-controlled genes are also generated by the central clock mechanism, but their protein products transduce downstream effects. Peripheral oscillators are controlled by the SCN and provide local control of overt rhythm expression. Greater understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the SCN clockwork provides opportunities for pharmacological manipulation of circadian timing.
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              'The clocks that time us'--circadian rhythms in neurodegenerative disorders.

              Aleksandar Videnovic, Alpar Lazar, Roger A. Barker … (2014)
              Circadian rhythms are physiological and behavioural cycles generated by an endogenous biological clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The circadian system influences the majority of physiological processes, including sleep-wake homeostasis. Impaired sleep and alertness are common symptoms of neurodegenerative disorders, and circadian dysfunction might exacerbate the disease process. The pathophysiology of sleep-wake disturbances in these disorders remains largely unknown, and is presumably multifactorial. Circadian rhythm dysfunction is often observed in patients with Alzheimer disease, in whom it has a major impact on quality of life and represents one of the most important factors leading to institutionalization of patients. Similarly, sleep and circadian problems represent common nonmotor features of Parkinson disease and Huntington disease. Clinical studies and experiments in animal models of neurodegenerative disorders have revealed the progressive nature of circadian dysfunction throughout the course of neurodegeneration, and suggest strategies for the restoration of circadian rhythmicity involving behavioural and pharmacological interventions that target the sleep-wake cycle. In this Review, we discuss the role of the circadian system in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle, and outline the implications of disrupted circadian timekeeping in neurodegenerative diseases.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Lifestyle Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Lifestyle Med
                Title: Journal of Lifestyle Medicine
                Publisher: Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine
                ISSN (Print): 2234-8549
                ISSN (Electronic): 2288-1557
                Publication date (Print): July 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 31 July 2017
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 45-50
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
                [2 ]Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
                [3 ]Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
                [4 ]National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, Korea
                [5 ]Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: Yonggeun Hong, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science & Engineering, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50834, Republic of Korea, Tel: 82-55-320-3681, Fax: 82-55-329-1678, E-mail: yonghong@ 123456inje.ac.kr
                Article
                Publisher ID: jlm-07-045
                DOI: 10.15280/jlm.2017.7.2.45
                PMC ID: 5618733
                SO-VID: 395768cb-cad5-4976-a266-01e416b6030f
                Copyright © © 2017 Journal of Lifestyle Medicine
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 04 May 2017
                Date accepted : 13 June 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                Keywords: night-shift work,circadian rhythm,melatonin,neurodegenerative disorders
                Data availability:
                Keywords: night-shift work, circadian rhythm, melatonin, neurodegenerative disorders

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