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      Manifestações Endócrinas das Mutações da Proteína Gsalfae do Imprinting do Gene GNAS1 Translated title: Gsalpha Protein Mutations and Imprinting of the GNAS1 Gene

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          Abstract

          Esta revisão resume o papel da patogênese molecular das mutações do gene da proteína Gsalfa em doenças endócrinas. As proteínas G transmitem o sinal celular de receptores de membrana 7TM. Este sistema pode ser ativado por fotons de luz, odorantes e hormônios (LH, FSH, TSH, PTH, etc). Seu efetor é a adenilato-ciclase que induz a formação de AMPc. A proteína G inativa é heterotrimérica e associada ao GDT. Receptores que ativam a proteína Gsalfa dissociam o GDT para GTP, enquanto a atividade intrínseca GTPase hidrolisa o GTP, mantendo a proteína Gsalfa no estado inativo, ligado ao GDP. Mutações no gene GNAS1, que codifica a proteína Gsalfa, alteram sítios altamente conservados (Arg201 e Gln227), críticos para a atividade GTPase, levando à ativação constitutiva do sinal celular. Tais mutações são encontradas em raros tumores endócrinos, na fibrodisplasia óssea e na síndrome de McCune Albright. Ao contrário, mutações inativadoras podem levar à osteodistrofia hereditária de Albright, se transmitidas pelo alelo paterno e pseudohipoparatireoidismo tipo Ia, se transmitidas pelo alelo materno. Em ratas com knockout, o gene Gnas sofre o fenômeno de imprinting tecido específico. Em tumores de hipófise, o gene GNAS1 também sofre imprinting com expressão preferencial do alelo materno. No pseudohipoparatireoidismo tipo Ib, um defeito do imprinting na região promotora do exon 1A do gene GNAS1 parece justificar a resistência renal isolada ao PTH. Estes exemplos ilustram como defeitos da proteína Gsalfa podem ser responsáveis pela patogênese molecular de diferentes doenças endócrinas.

          Translated abstract

          This review summarizes the role of the molecular pathogenesis of Gsalpha protein gene in endocrine disease. G proteins transmit the cellular signal of 7 transmembrane receptors (7TM). Agonists as light photons, odorants and hormones (LH, FSH, TSH, PTH, etc) can activate the system. The effector of Gsalpha protein is adenyl-cyclase, which induces the formation of cAMP. The receptors that activate Gsalpha protein dissociates GDT into GTP, while the intrinsic GTPase activity hydrolyses GTP, keeping Gsalpha protein in its inactive state, bound to GDP. Mutations in the GNAS1 gene, which codifies the Gsalpha protein, alter highly conserved sites (Arg201 and Gln227) that are critical for GTPase activity, leading to the constitutive activation of cell signaling. Such mutations are found in rare endocrine tumors, bone fibrodysplasia and McCune Albright syndrome. Conversely, inactivating mutations can lead to Albright hereditary osteodystrophy or pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ia, when transmitted by the paternal or maternal alleles, respectively. In knockout female mice the Gnas gene exhibits the phenomenon of tissue-specific imprinting. In pituitary tumors the GNAS1 gene also undergoes imprinting, when expressed preferably by the maternal allele. In pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ib, a defect of imprinting in the promoter region of exon 1A of GNAS1 gene appears to justify the isolated renal resistance to PTH. These examples illustrate how defects in Gsalpha protein can be responsible for the molecular pathogenesis of different endocrine disorders.

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          Most cited references50

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          GTPase inhibiting mutations activate the alpha chain of Gs and stimulate adenylyl cyclase in human pituitary tumours.

          A subset of growth hormone-secreting human pituitary tumours carries somatic mutations that inhibit GTPase activity of a G protein alpha chain, alpha(s). The resulting activation of adenylyl cyclase bypasses the cells' normal requirement for trophic hormone. Amino acids substituted in the putative gsp oncogene identify a domain of G protein alpha-chains required for intrinsic ability to hydrolyse GTP. This domain may serve as a built-in counter-part of the separate GTPase-activating proteins required for GTP hydrolysis by small GTP-binding proteins such as p21ras.
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            Heterotrimeric G proteins: organizers of transmembrane signals.

            E J Neer (1995)
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              Uncovering molecular mechanisms involved in activation of G protein-coupled receptors.

              U Gether (2000)
              G protein-coupled, seven-transmembrane segment receptors (GPCRs or 7TM receptors), with more than 1000 different members, comprise the largest superfamily of proteins in the body. Since the cloning of the first receptors more than a decade ago, extensive experimental work has uncovered multiple aspects of their function and challenged many traditional paradigms. However, it is only recently that we are beginning to gain insight into some of the most fundamental questions in the molecular function of this class of receptors. How can, for example, so many chemically diverse hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules activate receptors believed to share a similar overall tertiary structure? What is the nature of the physical changes linking agonist binding to receptor activation and subsequent transduction of the signal to the associated G protein on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane and to other putative signaling pathways? The goal of the present review is to specifically address these questions as well as to depict the current awareness about GPCR structure-function relationships in general.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                abem
                Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia
                Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab
                Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia (São Paulo )
                1677-9487
                August 2002
                : 46
                : 4
                : 372-380
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S0004-27302002000400008
                10.1590/S0004-27302002000400008
                398d97a3-90f7-4ad0-9127-cf4a35536520

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0004-2730&lng=en
                Categories
                ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM

                Endocrinology & Diabetes
                Gsalpha protein,GNAS1 gene,Mutations,Imprinting,Proteína Gsalfa,Gene GNAS1,Mutações

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