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      Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Adipose Tissue in Clinical Applications for Dermatological Indications and Skin Aging

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          Abstract

          Operating at multiple levels of control, mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue (ADSCs) communicate with organ systems to adjust immune response, provide signals for differentiation, migration, enzymatic reactions, and to equilibrate the regenerative demands of balanced tissue homeostasis. The identification of the mechanisms by which ADSCs accomplish these functions for dermatological rejuvenation and wound healing has great potential to identify novel targets for the treatment of disorders and combat aging. Herein, we review new insights into the role of adipose-derived stem cells in the maintenance of dermal and epidermal homeostasis, and recent advances in clinical applications of ADSCs related to dermatology.

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          Most cited references231

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          Epidermal homeostasis: a balancing act of stem cells in the skin.

          Cédric Blanpain, Elaine Fuchs (2009)
          The skin epidermis and its array of appendages undergo ongoing renewal by a process called homeostasis. Stem cells in the epidermis have a crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis by providing new cells to replace those that are constantly lost during tissue turnover or following injury. Different resident skin stem cell pools contribute to the maintenance and repair of the various epidermal tissues of the skin, including interfollicular epidermis, hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Interestingly, the basic mechanisms and signalling pathways that orchestrate epithelial morphogenesis in the skin are reused during adult life to regulate skin homeostasis.
          Article 0 comments Cited 349 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Keratinocyte-fibroblast interactions in wound healing.

            Sabine Werner, Thomas Krieg, Hans Smola (2007)
            Cutaneous tissue repair aims at restoring the barrier function of the skin. To achieve this, defects need to be replaced by granulation tissue to form new connective tissue, and epithelial wound closure is required to restore the physical barrier. Different wound-healing phases are recognized, starting with an inflammation-dominated early phase giving way to granulation tissue build-up and scar remodeling after epithelial wound closure has been achieved. In the granulation tissue, mesenchymal cells are maximally activated, cells proliferate, and synthesize huge amounts of extracellular matrix. Epithelial cells also proliferate and migrate over the provisional matrix of the underlying granulation tissue, eventually closing the defect. This review focuses on the role of keratinocyte-fibroblast interactions in the wound-healing process. There is ample evidence that keratinocytes stimulate fibroblasts to synthesize growth factors, which in turn will stimulate keratinocyte proliferation in a double paracrine manner. Moreover, fibroblasts can acquire a myofibroblast phenotype under the control of keratinocytes. This depends on a finely tuned balance between a proinflammatory or a transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta-dominated environment. As the phenotype of fibroblasts from different tissues or body sites becomes better defined, we may understand their individual contribution in wound healing in more detail and possibly explain different clinical outcomes.
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              Cellular senescence as a tumor-suppressor mechanism.

              Judith Campisi (2001)
              Organisms with renewable tissues had to evolve mechanisms to prevent the development of cancer. One such mechanism is cellular senescence, which irreversibly arrests the growth of cells at risk for neoplastic transformation. Recent findings have revealed the complexities of the senescence phenotype and unexpected possible consequences for the organism.
              Article 0 comments Cited 223 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Adriano Piatelli: Role: Academic Editor
                Barbara Zavan: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 January 2017
                Publication date Collection: January 2017
                Volume: 18
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 208
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Aelan Cell Technology, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA; mgaur@ 123456aelanct.com
                [2 ]Division of Plastic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92121, USA; mdobke@ 123456ucsd.edu
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: vlunyak@ 123456aelanct.com ; Tel.: +1-619-306-1700
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-18-00208
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010208
                PMC ID: 5297838
                PubMed ID: 28117680
                SO-VID: 39a0dcf2-a39e-4a05-93cc-8b9e33da7e8f
                Copyright © © 2017 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 25 October 2016
                Date accepted : 05 January 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: adipose-derived stem cells,skin homeostasis,dermis,epidermis,subcutaneous adipose depot,matrikines,aging,wound healing,clinical applications
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: adipose-derived stem cells, skin homeostasis, dermis, epidermis, subcutaneous adipose depot, matrikines, aging, wound healing, clinical applications

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