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      Three endoplasmic reticulum-associated fatty acyl-coenzyme a reductases were involved in the production of primary alcohols in hexaploid wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.)

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          Abstract

          Background

          The cuticle covers the surface of the polysaccharide cell wall of leaf epidermal cells and forms an essential diffusion barrier between the plant and the environment. The cuticle is composed of cutin and wax. Cuticular wax plays an important role in the survival of plants by serving as the interface between plants and their biotic and abiotic environments, especially restricting nonstomatal water loss. Leaf cuticular waxes of hexaploid wheat at the seedling stage mainly consist of primary alcohols, aldehydes, fatty acids, alkane and esters. Primary alcohols account for more than 80% of the total wax load. Therefore, we cloned several genes encoding fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductases from wheat and analyzed their function in yeast and plants. We propose the potential use of these genes in wheat genetic breeding.

          Results

          We reported the cloning and characterization of three TaFARs, namely TaFAR6, TaFAR7 and TaFAR8, encoding fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductases (FAR) in wheat leaf cuticle. Expression analysis revealed that TaFAR6, TaFAR7 and TaFAR8 were expressed at the higher levels in the seedling leaf blades, and were expressed moderately or weakly in stamen, glumes, peduncle, flag leaf blade, sheath, spike, and pistil. The heterologous expression of three TaFARs in yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae) led to the production of C24:0 and C26:0 primary alcohols. Transgenic expression of the three TaFARs in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) and rice ( Oryza sativa) led to increased accumulation of C24:0–C30:0 primary alcohols. Transient expression of GFP protein-tagged TaFARs revealed that the three TaFAR proteins were localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the site of wax biosynthesis. The three TaFAR genes were transcriptionally induced by drought, cold, heat, powdery mildew ( Blumeria graminis) infection, abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJa) treatments.

          Conclusions

          These results indicated that wheat TaFAR6, TaFAR7 and TaFAR8 are involved in biosynthesis of very-long-chain primary alcohols in hexaploid wheat and in response to multiple environmental stresses.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-018-1256-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          A large number of morphologically normal, fertile, transgenic rice plants were obtained by co-cultivation of rice tissues with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The efficiency of transformation was similar to that obtained by the methods used routinely for transformation of dicotyledons with the bacterium. Stable integration, expression and inheritance of transgenes were demonstrated by molecular and genetic analysis of transformants in the R0, R1 and R2 generations. Sequence analysis revealed that the boundaries of the T-DNA in transgenic rice plants were essentially identical to those in transgenic dicotyledons. Calli induced from scutella were very good starting materials. A strain of A. tumefaciens that carried a so-called 'super-binary' vector gave especially high frequencies of transformation of various cultivars of japonica rice that included Koshihikari, which normally shows poor responses in tissue culture.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                chaiguaiqiang@126.com
                lclian@163.com
                1031083306@qq.com
                liyang910806@163.com
                shixue@nwsuaf.edu.cn
                wangyong2114@163.com
                zhonghuawang@nwafu.edu.cn
                Journal
                BMC Plant Biol
                BMC Plant Biol
                BMC Plant Biology
                BioMed Central (London )
                1471-2229
                5 March 2018
                5 March 2018
                2018
                : 18
                : 41
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1760 4150, GRID grid.144022.1, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, , Northwest A&F University, ; Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1760 4150, GRID grid.144022.1, College of Agronomy, , Northwest A&F University, ; Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
                Article
                1256
                10.1186/s12870-018-1256-y
                5836450
                29506473
                39de11ce-f8b6-4462-80b7-6166c7b64569
                © The Author(s). 2018

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 21 September 2017
                : 22 February 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 31471568
                Award ID: 31271794
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Science and Technology Innovation Team Plan from shaanxi province, China
                Award ID: 2014KCT-25
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Plant science & Botany
                hexaploid wheat,cuticular wax,primary alcohol,endoplasmic reticulum,fatty acyl-coenzyme a reductase

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