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      Nonsurgical Therapeutic Options in Portal Vein Thrombosis

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          Abstract

          Background

          Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a rare but severe vascular disorder with an acute and a chronic course. Most patients have underlying liver cirrhosis; furthermore, thrombophilia is an important risk factor. However, idiopathic forms are also known.

          Methods

          This review discusses nonsurgical treatment options in PVT.

          Results and Conclusion

          Therapy of acute PVT is based on anticoagulation with heparin that is switched to oral anticoagulants, if applicable. Catheter-guided invasive therapy should be considered; however, patients with liver cirrhosis should be screened for portal hypertension before anticoagulation is mandatory. Therapy of chronic PVT is discussed controversially; therefore, a strict patient selection and an individual therapeutic decision are warranted depending on the etiology of PVT. Special forms of PVT including septic and malignant thrombosis as well as PVT in patients waiting for liver transplantation require particular therapy algorithms.

          Zusammenfassung

          Hintergrund

          Die Pfortaderthrombose (PAT) ist eine seltene, aber gravierende Gefäßpathologie, die in eine akute und eine chronische Form unterschieden wird. Häufig tritt die PAT bei Patienten mit einer Leberzirrhose auf. Neben idiopathischen Formen sind insbesondere Patienten mit Gerinnungsstörungen betroffen.

          Methoden

          Diese Übersicht beschreibt nichtchirurgische therapeutische Optionen der PAT.

          Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerung

          Die Behandlung der akuten PAT basiert auf einer Antikoagulation mit Heparin, später gegebenenfalls auch mit oralen Antikoagulanzien. Kathetergeführte invasive Verfahren können zusätzlich erwogen werden. Insbesondere bei Leberzirrhose ist jedoch eine Vordiagnostik bezüglich einer portalen Hypertension unerlässlich. Die Behandlung der chronischen PAT mit Heparin ist umstritten, sodass hier eine strikte Patientenselektion und eine individuelle Therapieentscheidung notwendig sind. Im Rahmen des ätiologischen Kontexts sollten septische und maligne PATs sowie Patienten vor einer Lebertransplantation gesondert betrachtet werden.

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          Most cited references29

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          Vascular disorders of the liver.

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            Acute portal vein thrombosis unrelated to cirrhosis: a prospective multicenter follow-up study.

            Current recommendations for early anticoagulation in acute portal vein thrombosis unrelated to cirrhosis or malignancy are based on limited evidence. The aim of this study was to prospectively assess the risk factors, outcome, and prognosis in patients managed according to these recommendations. We enrolled 102 patients with acute thrombosis of the portal vein, or its left or right branch. Laboratory investigations for prothrombotic factors were centralized. Thrombus extension and recanalization were assessed by expert radiologists. A local risk factor was identified in 21% of patients, and one or several general prothrombotic conditions in 52%. Anticoagulation was given to 95 patients. After a median of 234 days, the portal vein and its left or right branch were patent in 39% of anticoagulated patients (versus 13% initially), the splenic vein in 80% (versus 57% initially), and the superior mesenteric vein in 73% (versus 42% initially). Failure to recanalize the portal vein was independently related to the presence of ascites (hazard ratio 3.8, 95% confidence interval 1.3-11.1) and an occluded splenic vein (hazard ratio 3.5, 95% confidence interval 1.4-8.9). Gastrointestinal bleeding and intestinal infarction occurred in nine and two patients, respectively. Two patients died from causes unrelated to thrombosis or anticoagulation therapy. Recanalization occurs in one-third of patients receiving early anticoagulation for acute portal vein thrombosis, whereas thrombus extension, intestinal infarction, severe bleeding, and death are rare. Alternative therapy should be considered when ascites and splenic vein obstruction are present.
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              Splanchnic vein thrombosis in candidates for liver transplantation: usefulness of screening and anticoagulation.

              Splanchnic vein thrombosis is a significant source of complications in candidates for liver transplantation. The aims of this study were: (a) to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for splanchnic vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients awaiting transplantation and (b) to assess the usefulness of anticoagulation. A total of 251 cirrhotic patients listed for transplantation were analysed. All underwent systematic screening for thrombosis with Doppler ultrasonography. During the second period of the study, all patients with thrombosis received anticoagulation up to transplantation while during the first period none had received anticoagulation. The incidence of splanchnic vein thrombosis at evaluation was 8.4%. Seventeen additional patients (7.4%) developed de novo thrombosis after evaluation. Independent risk factors for thrombosis were low platelet count (77.4 (36.3) v 111.6 (69.2) 10(9)/l; p = 0.001), a past history of variceal bleeding (47.4% v 29.1%; p = 0.003), and a prolonged interval from listing to transplantation (8.5 (6.8) v 4.8 (4.4) months; p = 0.002). The proportion of partial or complete recanalisation was significantly higher in those who received (8/19) than in those who did not receive (0/10, p = 0.002) anticoagulation. Survival was significantly lower in those who had complete portal vein thrombosis at the time of surgery (p = 0.04). These results support a systematic screening for splanchnic vein thrombosis in patients awaiting transplantation. They suggest that in these patients, anticoagulation is safe and has a significant impact on recanalisation as well as prevention of extension of thrombosis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Viszeralmedizin
                Viszeralmedizin
                VIM
                Viszeralmedizin
                S. Karger Verlag für Medizin und Naturwissenschaften GmbH (Wilhelmstrasse 20A, P.O. Box · Postfach · Case postale, D–79095, Freiburg, Germany · Deutschland · Allemagne, Phone: +49 761 45 20 70, Fax: +49 761 4 52 07 14, information@karger.de )
                1662-6664
                1662-6672
                December 2014
                2 December 2014
                1 December 2015
                : 30
                : 6
                : 388-392
                Affiliations
                Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg i.Br., Germany
                Author notes
                *Dr. Michael Schultheiß, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany, michael.schultheiss@ 123456uniklinik-freiburg.de
                Article
                vim-0030-0388
                10.1159/000369848
                4513834
                26288606
                39ef0a6c-9378-48ab-81ca-b5c25d40afc2
                Copyright © 2014 by S. Karger GmbH, Freiburg
                History
                Page count
                Figures: 4, References: 28, Pages: 5
                Categories
                Review Article • Übersichtsarbeit

                acute portal vein thrombosis,chronic portal vein thrombosis,portal hypertension,anticoagulation

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