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      Coherently aligned nanoparticles within a biogenic single crystal: A biological prestressing strategy

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          An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments

          The indentation load-displacement behavior of six materials tested with a Berkovich indenter has been carefully documented to establish an improved method for determining hardness and elastic modulus from indentation load-displacement data. The materials included fused silica, soda–lime glass, and single crystals of aluminum, tungsten, quartz, and sapphire. It is shown that the load–displacement curves during unloading in these materials are not linear, even in the initial stages, thereby suggesting that the flat punch approximation used so often in the analysis of unloading data is not entirely adequate. An analysis technique is presented that accounts for the curvature in the unloading data and provides a physically justifiable procedure for determining the depth which should be used in conjunction with the indenter shape function to establish the contact area at peak load. The hardnesses and elastic moduli of the six materials are computed using the analysis procedure and compared with values determined by independent means to assess the accuracy of the method. The results show that with good technique, moduli can be measured to within 5%.
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            Nature’s hierarchical materials

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              Magnetotactic bacteria.

              Bacteria with motility directed by the local geomagnetic field have been observed in marine sediments. These magnetotactic microorganisms possess flagella and contain novel structured particles, rich in iron, within intracytoplasmic membrane vesicles. Conceivably these particles impart to cells a magnetic moment. This could explain the observed migration of these organisms in fields as weak as 0.5 gauss.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Science
                Science
                American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
                0036-8075
                1095-9203
                December 07 2017
                December 07 2017
                : 358
                : 6368
                : 1294-1298
                Article
                10.1126/science.aaj2156
                29217569
                3a033b79-f973-4e4d-8281-836eef5b07cf
                © 2017

                http://www.sciencemag.org/about/science-licenses-journal-article-reuse

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