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      2D Nanoclay for Biomedical Applications: Regenerative Medicine, Therapeutic Delivery, and Additive Manufacturing

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          Abstract

          Clay nanomaterials are an emerging class of two-dimensional (2D) biomaterials of interest due to their atomically thin layered structure, discotic charged characteristics and well-defined composition. Synthetic nanoclays are plate-like polyions composed of simple or complex salts of silicic acids with a heterogeneous charge distribution and patchy interactions. Due to their biocompatible characteristics, unique shape, high surface-to-volume ratio and charge distribution, nanoclays are investigated for various biomedical applications. This review article will provide a critical overview of the physical, chemical and physiological interactions of nanoclays with biological moieties including cells, proteins and polymers. The state-of-the-art biomedical applications of 2D nanoclay in regenerative medicine, therapeutic delivery and additive manufacturing are reviewed. In addition, recent developments that are shaping this emerging field are discussed and promising new research directions for 2D nanoclay-based biomaterials are identified.

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          Most cited references156

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          Printing soft matter in three dimensions.

          Light- and ink-based three-dimensional (3D) printing methods allow the rapid design and fabrication of materials without the need for expensive tooling, dies or lithographic masks. They have led to an era of manufacturing in which computers can control the fabrication of soft matter that has tunable mechanical, electrical and other functional properties. The expanding range of printable materials, coupled with the ability to programmably control their composition and architecture across various length scales, is driving innovation in myriad applications. This is illustrated by examples of biologically inspired composites, shape-morphing systems, soft sensors and robotics that only additive manufacturing can produce.
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            High-water-content mouldable hydrogels by mixing clay and a dendritic molecular binder.

            With the world's focus on reducing our dependency on fossil-fuel energy, the scientific community can investigate new plastic materials that are much less dependent on petroleum than are conventional plastics. Given increasing environmental issues, the idea of replacing plastics with water-based gels, so-called hydrogels, seems reasonable. Here we report that water and clay (2-3 per cent by mass), when mixed with a very small proportion (<0.4 per cent by mass) of organic components, quickly form a transparent hydrogel. This material can be moulded into shape-persistent, free-standing objects owing to its exceptionally great mechanical strength, and rapidly and completely self-heals when damaged. Furthermore, it preserves biologically active proteins for catalysis. So far no other hydrogels, including conventional ones formed by mixing polymeric cations and anions or polysaccharides and borax, have been reported to possess all these features. Notably, this material is formed only by non-covalent forces resulting from the specific design of a telechelic dendritic macromolecule with multiple adhesive termini for binding to clay.
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              Injectable hydrogels as unique biomedical materials.

              A concentrated fish soup could be gelled in the winter and re-solled upon heating. In contrast, some synthetic copolymers exhibit an inverse sol-gel transition with spontaneous physical gelation upon heating instead of cooling. If the transition in water takes place below the body temperature and the chemicals are biocompatible and biodegradable, such gelling behavior makes the associated physical gels injectable biomaterials with unique applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering etc. Various therapeutic agents or cells can be entrapped in situ and form a depot merely by a syringe injection of their aqueous solutions at target sites with minimal invasiveness and pain. This tutorial review summarizes and comments on this soft matter, especially thermogelling poly(ethylene glycol)-(biodegradable polyester) block copolymers. The main types of injectable hydrogels are also briefly introduced, including both physical gels and chemical gels.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Advanced Materials
                Adv. Mater.
                Wiley
                0935-9648
                1521-4095
                March 27 2019
                June 2019
                April 03 2019
                June 2019
                : 31
                : 23
                : 1900332
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Biomedical EngineeringDwight Look College of EngineeringTexas A&amp;M University College Station TX 77843 USA
                [2 ]Material Science and EngineeringDwight Look College of EngineeringTexas A&amp;M University College Station TX 77843 USA
                [3 ]Center for Remote Health Technologies and SystemsTexas A&amp;M University College Station TX 77843 USA
                Article
                10.1002/adma.201900332
                6546555
                30941811
                3a03d953-ffef-4c07-96c5-4e462b08c3dc
                © 2019

                http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#am

                http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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