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      Evolución de la función renal residual con una pauta incremental de diálisis: hemodiálisis frente a diálisis peritoneal Translated title: Progression of residual renal function with an increase in dialysis: haemodialysis versus peritoneal dialysis

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          Abstract

          Objetivo: El objetivo principal del estudio es el análisis de la evolución de la función renal residual según la técnica de diálisis (diálisis peritoneal o hemodiálisis) y la frecuencia del tratamiento (dos o tres sesiones de hemodiálisis a la semana). Como objetivos secundarios hemos estudiado la evolución de la concentración sérica de β2-microglobulina y la respuesta de la anemia a los agentes eritropoyéticos. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron 193 enfermos no anúricos, que comenzaron tratamiento renal sustitutivo con diálisis en nuestro hospital entre el 1 de enero de 2006 y el 31 de diciembre de 2011, y tuvieron un seguimiento superior a tres meses. De ellos, 61 enfermos (32 %) iniciaron tratamiento con dos sesiones de hemodiálisis a la semana, 49 enfermos (25 %) con tres sesiones de hemodiálisis a la semana y 83 enfermos (43 %) con diálisis peritoneal. Se midió el filtrado glomerular como la media de los aclaramientos renales de urea y creatinina. Resultados: El ritmo de descenso del filtrado glomerular fue igual en los enfermos que comenzaron tratamiento con la pauta de dos sesiones de hemodiálisis a la semana y con diálisis peritoneal (mediana 0,18 ml/min/mes) y fue superior en los enfermos que iniciaron tratamiento con tres sesiones de hemodiálisis a la semana (mediana 0,33 ml/min/mes, p < 0,05). A lo largo de toda la evolución, la tasa de filtrado glomerular no mostró diferencias entre el grupo que comenzó con dos sesiones semanales de hemodiálisis y el grupo de diálisis peritoneal, y fue inferior en el grupo que comenzó tratamiento con tres sesiones de hemodiálisis a la semana con significación estadística durante los primeros 24 meses de seguimiento. En los tres grupos de enfermos la concentración de β2-microglobulina fue aumentando conforme disminuía el filtrado glomerular y fue más elevada en el grupo de tres sesiones de hemodiálisis a la semana durante los primeros 12 meses de seguimiento. En todos los controles realizados hubo una correlación negativa entre la concentración de β2-microglobulina y el filtrado glomerular (p < 0,001). La dosis de eritropoyetina se relacionó negativamente con el filtrado glomerular. Los enfermos que comenzaron con dos sesiones de hemodiálisis a la semana necesitaron una dosis menor de eritropoyetina que los enfermos que iniciaron tratamiento renal sustitutivo con tres sesiones a la semana. La dosis de eritropoyetina en el grupo de diálisis peritoneal fue inferior a la del grupo de dos hemodiálisis a la semana, a pesar de mantener un filtrado glomerular similar. Conclusiones: Los enfermos que comienzan tratamiento con dos sesiones de hemodiálisis a la semana experimentan el mismo ritmo de descenso de la función renal residual que los enfermos tratados con diálisis peritoneal. La evolución de la concentración de β2-microglobulina es paralela a la del filtrado glomerular. Los enfermos tratados con dos sesiones de hemodiálisis necesitan una dosis de eritropoyetina menor que los que reciben tres sesiones a la semana, pero significativamente superior a la de los enfermos tratados con diálisis peritoneal, lo cual indica que la respuesta de la anemia a los agentes eritropoyéticos no solo está relacionada con la función renal residual, sino también con otros factores inherentes a la técnica de diálisis.

          Translated abstract

          Objective: The main objective of the study was to analyse the progression of residual renal function according to the dialysis technique (peritoneal dialysis or haemodialysis) and the frequency of treatment (two or three sessions of haemodialysis per week). As secondary objectives, we studied the progression of the serum concentration levels of β2 microglobulin and the response of anaemia to erythropoietic agents. Material and method: 193 non-anuric patients were included and began renal replacement therapy with dialysis in our hospital between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2011, with a follow-up period of over three months. 61 patients (32%) began treatment with two haemodialysis sessions per week, 49 patients (25%) with three haemodialysis sessions per week and 83 patients (43%) with peritoneal dialysis. The glomerular filtration rate was measured as the mean of the renal clearances of urea and creatinine. Results: The rate of decrease in glomerular filtration was the same in patients who began treatment with two haemodialysis sessions per week and with peritoneal dialysis (median 0.18ml/min/month) and it was higher in patients who began treatment with three sessions of haemodialysis per week (median 0.33 ml/min/month, P<.05). Throughout progression, the glomerular filtration rate did not display differences between the group that began with two weekly sessions of haemodialysis and the group on peritoneal dialysis, and it was lower in the group that began treatment with three sessions of haemodialysis per week with statistical significance during the first 24 months of follow up. In the three patient groups, β2- microglobulin concentration increased as the glomerular filtration rate decreased and it was higher in the group on three weekly haemodialysis sessions for the first 12 months of follow up. In all the controls carried out, there was a negative correlation between the β-2 microglobulin concentration and the glomerular filtration rate (P<.001). The erythropoietin dose was negatively related to glomerular filtration. Patients who began with two sessions of haemodialysis per week required a lower dose of erythropoietin than patients that began renal replacement therapy with three weekly sessions. The erythropoietin dose in the peritoneal dialysis group was below that of the group of two weekly haemodialysis sessions despite maintaining a similar glomerular filtration rate. Conclusions: Patients who begin treatment with two sessions of haemodialysis per week experience the same rate of decrease in residual renal function as patients treated with peritoneal dialysis. The progression of the concentration of β2-microglobulin is parallel to that of the glomerular filtration rate. Patients treated with two haemodialysis sessions require a lower dose of erythropoietin than those who receive three sessions per week, but a significantly higher dose than those treated with peritoneal dialysis, which suggests that the response of anaemia to erythropoietic agents is not only related to residual renal function, but also to other factors that are inherent to the dialysis technique.

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          Most cited references61

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          Relative contribution of residual renal function and peritoneal clearance to adequacy of dialysis: a reanalysis of the CANUSA study.

          Studies of the adequacy of peritoneal dialysis and recommendations have assumed that renal and peritoneal clearances are comparable and therefore additive. The CANUSA data were reanalyzed in an effort to address this assumption. Among the 680 patients in the original CANUSA study, 601 had all of the variables of interest for this report. Adequacy of dialysis was estimated from GFR (mean of renal urea and creatinine clearance) and from peritoneal creatinine clearance. The Cox proportional-hazards model was used to evaluate the time-dependent association of these independent variables with patient survival. For each 5 L/wk per 1.73 m(2) increment in GFR, there was a 12% decrease in the relative risk (RR) of death (RR, 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83 to 0.94) but no association with peritoneal creatinine clearance (RR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.90 to 1.10). Estimates of fluid removal (24-h urine volume, net peritoneal ultrafiltration, and total fluid removal) then were added to the Cox model. For a 250-ml increment in urine volume, there was a 36% decrease in the RR of death (RR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.80). The association of patient survival with GFR disappeared (RR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.94 to 1.04). However, neither net peritoneal ultrafiltration nor total fluid removal was associated with patient survival. Although these results may be explained partly, statistically, by less variability in peritoneal clearance than in GFR, the latter seems to be physiologically more important than the former. The assumption of equivalence of peritoneal and renal clearances is not supported by these data. Recommendations for adequate peritoneal dialysis need to be reevaluated in light of these observations.
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            Predictors of loss of residual renal function among new dialysis patients.

            Residual renal function (RRF) in end-stage renal disease is clinically important as it contributes to adequacy of dialysis, quality of life, and mortality. This study was conducted to determine the predictors of RRF loss in a national random sample of patients initiating hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. The study controlled for baseline variables and included major predictors. The end point was loss of RRF, defined as a urine volume <200 ml/24 h at approximately 1 yr of follow-up. The adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and P values associated with each of the demographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment parameters were estimated using an "adjusted" univariate analysis. Significant variables (P < 0.05) were included in a multivariate logistic regression model. Predictors of RRF loss were female gender (AOR = 1.45; P < 0.001), non-white race (AOR = 1.57; P = <0.001), prior history of diabetes (AOR = 1.82; P = 0.006), prior history of congestive heart failure (AOR = 1.32; P = 0.03), and time to follow-up (AOR = 1.06 per month; P = 0.03). Patients treated with peritoneal dialysis had a 65% lower risk of RRF loss than those on hemodialysis (AOR = 0.35; P < 0.001). Higher serum calcium (AOR = 0.81 per mg/dl; P = 0.05), use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (AOR = 0.68; P < 0.001). and use of a calcium channel blocker (AOR = 0.77; P = 0.01) were independently associated with decreased risk of RRF loss. The observations of demographic groups at risk and potentially modifiable factors and therapies have generated testable hypotheses regarding therapies that may preserve RRF among end-stage renal disease patients.
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              Relative contribution of residual renal function and different measures of adequacy to survival in hemodialysis patients: an analysis of the Netherlands Cooperative Study on the Adequacy of Dialysis (NECOSAD)-2.

              A high delivered Kt/V(urea) (dKt/V(urea)) is advocated in the U.S. National Kidney Foundation Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines on hemodialysis (HD) adequacy, irrespective of the presence of residual renal function. The contribution of treatment adequacy and residual renal function to patient survival was investigated. The Netherlands Cooperative Study on the Adequacy of Dialysis is a prospective multicenter study that includes incident ESRD patients older than 18 yr. The longitudinal data on residual renal function and dialysis adequacy of patients who were treated with HD 3 mo after the initiation of dialysis (n = 740) were analyzed. The mean renal Kt/V(urea) (rKt/V(urea)) at 3 mo was 0.7/wk (SD 0.6) and the dKt/V(urea) at 3 mo was 2.7/wk (SD 0.8). Both components of urea clearance were associated with a better survival (for each increase of 1/wk in rKt/V(urea), relative risk of death = 0.44 [P < 0.0001]; dKt/V(urea), relative risk of death = 0.76 [P < 0.01]). However, the effect of dKt/V(urea) on mortality was strongly dependent on the presence of rKt/V(urea), low values for dKt/V(urea) of <2.9/wk being associated with a significantly higher mortality in anuric patients only. Furthermore, an excess of ultrafiltration in relation to interdialytic weight gain was associated with an increase in mortality independent of dKt/V(urea). In conclusion, residual renal clearance seems to be an important predictor of survival in HD patients, and the dKt/V(urea) should be tuned appropriately to the presence of renal function. Further studies are required to substantiate the important role of fluid balance in HD adequacy.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                nefrologia
                Nefrología (Madrid)
                Nefrología (Madr.)
                Sociedad Española de Nefrología (Cantabria, Santander, Spain )
                0211-6995
                1989-2284
                2013
                : 33
                : 5
                : 640-649
                Affiliations
                [01] Madrid orgnameHospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal orgdiv1Servicio de Nefrología
                Article
                S0211-69952013000600003
                10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2013.May.12038
                24089155
                3a564c91-090e-4bd4-91a6-c045c9f84ff9

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 09 May 2013
                : 11 April 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 39, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Hemodiálisis,Diálisis peritoneal,Función renal residual,β2-microglobulina,Anemia,Haemodialysis,Peritoneal dialysis,Residual renal function,β2-microglobulin,Anaemia

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