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      Prolactin-Releasing Peptide: Physiological and Pharmacological Properties

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          Abstract

          Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) belongs to the large RF-amide neuropeptide family with a conserved Arg-Phe-amide motif at the C-terminus. PrRP plays a main role in the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. This review focuses not only on the physiological functions of PrRP, but also on its pharmacological properties and the actions of its G-protein coupled receptor, GPR10. Special attention is paid to structure-activity relationship studies on PrRP and its analogs as well as to their effect on different physiological functions, mainly their anorexigenic and neuroprotective features and the regulation of the cardiovascular system, pain, and stress. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of this peptide and its analogs is explored.

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          Co-expression of multiple transgenes in mouse CNS: a comparison of strategies.

          Joanna Jankowsky, Hilda H Slunt, Tamara Ratovitski … (2001)
          The introduction of two transgenes into one animal is increasingly common as transgenic experiments become more sophisticated. In this study we examine two strategies for creating double transgenic founders from a single microinjection. In the first approach, two constructs, each with its own promoter element, were coinjected into the pronucleus. In the second approach, both transgenes were cloned into one vector, separated by an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES), and placed under control of a single promoter. Both strategies save time and increase the percentage of double transgenic offspring over the standard method of mating single transgenic lines. However, despite high transgene copy numbers, the bicistronic lines did not show robust expression of either protein. Copy number and protein expression correlated much better in the coinjected lines, with expression levels in one line approaching that observed in some of our best single transgenic controls. Thus we recommend coinjection of individual plasmids for the generation of multiply transgenic founders.
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            Network of hypothalamic neurons that control appetite

            Jong-Woo Sohn (2015)
            The central nervous system (CNS) controls food intake and energy expenditure via tight coordinations between multiple neuronal populations. Specifically, two distinct neuronal populations exist in the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus (ARH): the anorexigenic (appetite-suppressing) pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons and the orexigenic (appetite-increasing) neuropeptide Y (NPY)/agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons. The coordinated regulation of neuronal circuit involving these neurons is essential in properly maintaining energy balance, and any disturbance therein may result in hyperphagia/obesity or hypophagia/starvation. Thus, adequate knowledge of the POMC and NPY/AgRP neuron physiology is mandatory to understand the pathophysiology of obesity and related metabolic diseases. This review will discuss the history and recent updates on the POMC and NPY/AgRP neuronal circuits, as well as the general anorexigenic and orexigenic circuits in the CNS. [BMB Reports 2015; 48(4): 229-233]
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              Role of neuropeptides in appetite regulation and obesity--a review.

              Sarika Arora, C. Anubhuti (2006)
              Obesity represents the most prevalent nutritional problem worldwide which in the long run predisposes to development of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, endometrial carcinoma, osteoarthritis, gall stones and cardiovascular diseases. Despite significant reductions in dietary fat consumption, the prevalence of obesity is on a rise and is taking on pandemic proportions. Obesity develops when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure over time. Recently, a close evolutionary relationship between the peripheral and hypothalamic neuropeptides has become apparent. The hypothalamus being the central feeding organ mediates regulation of short-term and long-term dietary intake via synthesis of various orexigenic and anorectic neuropeptides. The structure and function of many hypothalamic peptides (neuropeptide Y (NPY), melanocortins, agouti-related peptide (AGRP), cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART), melanin concentrating hormone (MCH), orexins have been characterized in rodent models The peripheral neuropeptides such as cholecystokinin (CCK), ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY3-36), amylin, bombesin regulate important gastrointestinal functions such as motility, secretion, absorption, provide feedback to the central nervous system on availability of nutrients and may play a part in regulating food intake. The pharmacological potential of several endogenous peripheral peptides released prior to, during and/or after feeding are being explored. Long-term regulation is provided by the main circulating hormones leptin and insulin. These systems implicated in hypothalamic appetite regulation provide potential targets for treatment of obesity which could potentially pass into clinical development in the next 5 years. This review summarizes various effects and interrelationship of these central and peripheral neuropeptides in metabolism, obesity and their potential role as targets for treatment of obesity.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 October 2019
                Publication date Collection: November 2019
                Volume: 20
                Issue: 21
                Electronic Location Identifier: 5297
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences 16610 Prague, Czech Republic; prazienkova@ 123456uochb.cas.cz (V.P.); andrea.popelova@ 123456uochb.cas.cz (A.P.); kunes@ 123456biomed.cas.cz (J.K.)
                [2 ]Experimental Hypertension, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: maletin@ 123456uochb.cas.cz ; Tel.: +420-220-183-567
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-20-05297
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215297
                PMC ID: 6862262
                PubMed ID: 31653061
                SO-VID: 3a71945d-07ce-47c1-ac6f-d240cc182dab
                Copyright © © 2019 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 02 October 2019
                Date accepted : 23 October 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: prolactin-releasing peptide,gpr10,rf-amide peptides,food intake regulation,energy expenditure,neuroprotection,signaling
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: prolactin-releasing peptide, gpr10, rf-amide peptides, food intake regulation, energy expenditure, neuroprotection, signaling

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