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      Aceite de oliva y salud ósea Translated title: Olive oil and bone health

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivo: Existen en la literatura una serie de trabajos que demuestran que la incidencia de osteoporosis y fracturas asociadas es menor en países en los que la dieta mediterránea es predominante. El aceite de oliva es la principal característica común de toda la dieta mediterránea suponiendo un tercio de la ingesta de grasas vegetales. Se ha realizado una amplia revisión de trabajos que demuestran que la ingesta de aceite de oliva, tanto en animales de experimentación, en especial ratas ovariectomizadas, como en humanos, produce acciones positivas sobre el hueso. Se han revisado los efectos de diferentes componentes del aceite de oliva virgen como la oleuropeína, un compuesto fenólico, y otros alcoholes fenólicos como el tirosol y el hidrotirosol. La oleuropeína no sólo ejerce acciones sobre el hueso de ratas ovariectomizadas, sino que produce acciones sobre la formación de osteoblastos y desciende la formación de células “osteoclasto-like”. Los compuestos fenólicos del aceite de oliva han demostrado ejercer acciones anti-oxidantes in vitro e in vivo. El tirosol y el hidrotirosol ejercen acciones sobre la pérdida de hueso en ratas ovariectomizadas e inhiben la formación de osteoclastos de modo dosis-dependiente. Un trabajo realizado por nuestro grupo ha demostrado que el aceite de oliva virgen ejerce también acciones sobre los parámetros biomecánicos del hueso como el módulo de Young y la dimensión fractal en ratas ovariectomizadas. Los resultados de esta revisión muestran que el aceite de oliva ejerce una acción positiva sobre la salud ósea. Sus componentes poseen propiedades anti-oxidantes y anti-inflamatorias, siendo candidatos potenciales para la prevención de la osteoporosis.

          Translated abstract

          Summary Objetive: A series of studies in the literature indicate that the incidence of osteoporosis and associated fractures is lower in countries where the Mediterranean diet is predominant. Olive oil is characteristic of the Mediterranean diet, a third of the intake of vegetable fats. We carried out an extensive review of studies showing that the ingestion of olive oil, both in experimental animals, especially ovariectomized rats, and in humans, produces positive actions on the bone. The effects of different components of virgin olive oil such as oleuropein, a phenolic compound, and other phenolic alcohols such as tyrosol and hydrotyrosol have been reviewed. Oleuropein not only exerts actions on the bone of ovariectomized rats, but also enhances the formation of osteoblasts and decreases the formation of “osteoclast-like” cells. The phenolic compounds in olive oil exert anti-oxidant actions in vitro and in vivo. Tyrosol and hydrotyrosol exert actions on bone loss in ovariectomized rats and inhibit dose-dependent osteoclast formation. Our group’s research has shown that virgin olive oil also exerts actions on the biomechanical parameters of the bone such as Young's modulus and fractal dimension in ovariectomized rats. The results of this review indicate that olive oil has a positive action on bone health. Its components have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Thus they are potential candidates for preventing osteoporosis.

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          Most cited references33

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          Antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phenolic activities in extra virgin olive oil.

          The Mediterranean diet is associated with a lower incidence of chronic degenerative diseases and higher life expectancy. These health benefits have been partially attributed to the dietary consumption of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) by Mediterranean populations, and more specifically the phenolic compounds naturally present in EVOO. Studies involving humans and animals (in vivo and in vitro) have demonstrated that olive oil phenolic compounds have potentially beneficial biological effects resulting from their antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This paper summarizes current knowledge on the biological activities of specific olive oil phenolic compounds together with information on their concentration in EVOO, bioavailability and stability over time. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Mediterranean diet and incidence of hip fractures in a European cohort.

            Prevention of hip fractures is of critical public health importance. In a cohort of adults from eight European countries, evidence was found that increased adherence to Mediterranean diet, measured by a 10-unit dietary score, is associated with reduced hip fracture incidence, particularly among men. Evidence on the role of dietary patterns on hip fracture incidence is scarce. We explored the association of adherence to Mediterranean diet (MD) with hip fracture incidence in a cohort from eight European countries. A total of 188,795 eligible participants (48,814 men and 139,981 women) in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and nutrition study with mean age 48.6 years (±10.8) were followed for a median of 9 years, and 802 incident hip fractures were recorded. Diet was assessed at baseline through validated dietary instruments. Adherence to MD was evaluated by a MD score (MDs), on a 10-point scale, in which monounsaturated were substituted with unsaturated lipids. Association with hip fracture incidence was assessed through Cox regression with adjustment for potential confounders. Increased adherence to MD was associated with a 7 % decrease in hip fracture incidence [hazard ratio (HR) per 1-unit increase in the MDs 0.93; 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) = 0.89-0.98]. This association was more evident among men and somewhat stronger among older individuals. Using increments close to one standard deviation of daily intake, in the overall sample, high vegetable (HR = 0.86; 95 % CI = 0.79-0.94) and high fruit (HR = 0.89; 95 % CI = 0.82-0.97) intake was associated with decreased hip fracture incidence, whereas high meat intake (HR = 1.18; 95 % CI = 1.06-1.31) with increased incidence. Excessive ethanol consumption (HR high versus moderate = 1.74; 95 % CI = 1.32-2.31) was also a risk factor. In a prospective study of adults, increased adherence to MD appears to protect against hip fracture occurrence, particularly among men.
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              Oleuropein enhances osteoblastogenesis and inhibits adipogenesis: the effect on differentiation in stem cells derived from bone marrow.

              The effects of oleuropein on the processes of osteoblastogenesis and adipogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from human bone marrow have been studied. We report that oleuropein, a polyphenol abundant in olive tree products, reduces the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), inhibits adipocyte differentiation, and enhances differentiation into osteoblast. Age-related bone loss is associated with osteoblast insufficiency during continuous bone remodeling. It has been suggested that the formation of osteoblasts in bone marrow is closely associated with adipogenesis, and age-related changes in this relationship could be responsible for the progressive adiposity of bone marrow which occurs with osteoporosis. In addition, the consumption of oleuropein, a major polyphenol in olive leaves and olive oil, has been associated with a reduction in bone loss. We have analyzed the effects of oleuropein-at concentrations between 10(-6) and 10(-4) M-on the processes of osteoblastogenesis and adipogenesis in MSCs from human bone marrow. The results show an increase in osteoblast differentiation and a decrease in adipocyte differentiation when there is oleuropein in the culture media. The gene expression of osteoblastogenesis markers, RUNXII, osterix, collagen type I, osteocalcin, or alkaline phosphatase (ALP), was higher in osteoblast-induced oleuropein-treated cells. Also, the ALP activity and extracellular matrix mineralization were higher when oleuropein was present in the media. Oleuropein in MSCs induced adipocytes to produce a decrease in the expression of the genes involved in adipogenesis, the PPARγ, lipoprotein lipase, or fatty acid-binding protein 4, and minor fat accumulation. Our data suggest that oleuropein, highly abundant in olive tree products included in the traditional Mediterranean diet, could prevent age-related bone loss and osteoporosis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                romm
                Revista de Osteoporosis y Metabolismo Mineral
                Rev Osteoporos Metab Miner
                Sociedad Española de Investigaciones Óseas y Metabolismo Mineral (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1889-836X
                2173-2345
                September 2020
                : 12
                : 3
                : 107-110
                Affiliations
                [03] Madrid orgnameFundación Jiménez Díaz orgdiv1Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas orgdiv2Departamento de Medicina Interna España
                [01] Móstoles Madrid orgnameHospital Universitario de Móstoles orgdiv1Equipo de Soporte Hospitalario España
                [02] Madrid orgnameundación Jiménez Díaz orgdiv1Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas España
                Article
                S1889-836X2020000300007 S1889-836X(20)01200300007
                10.4321/s1889-836x2020000300007
                3a7aabc9-2cee-42a4-a0aa-584d9d6ca522

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 34, Pages: 4
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                SciELO Spain

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                osteoporosis,tyrosol,aceite de oliva virgen,hydrotyrosol,oleuropeína,tirosol,hidrotirosol,virgin olive oil,oleuropein

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