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      Adaptation of emotional state and standing balance parameters following repeated exposure to height-induced postural threat

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          Abstract

          Height-induced postural threat influences standing balance control. However, it is unknown if minimizing individuals’ emotional response to threat moderates this relationship. This study repeatedly exposed individuals to height-induced postural threat to determine if reducing the emotional response to threat influences standing balance control. Sixty-eight young adults completed a series of standing trials at LOW (0.8 m above ground, away from edge) and HIGH (3.2 m above ground, at edge) postural threat conditions. Emotional state was assessed using self-report and electrodermal measures. Standing balance was assessed through analysis of centre of pressure (COP) movement and lower leg electromyographic activity. Individuals’ emotional response to threat was attenuated following repeated threat exposure. However, threat-induced changes in standing balance were largely preserved. When initially threatened, individuals leaned backward and demonstrated smaller amplitude and higher frequency of COP adjustments; these balance outcomes did not change following repeated threat exposure. Only high frequency COP oscillations (>1.8 Hz) and ankle muscle co-contraction showed any adaptation; regression analyses showed that these behavioural adaptations were accounted for by a combination of emotional and cognitive state changes. This suggests that some threat-induced standing balance changes are more closely linked with the emotional response to threat than others, and are therefore amendable to intervention.

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          Publication recommendations for electrodermal measurements.

          This committee was appointed by the SPR Board to provide recommendations for publishing data on electrodermal activity (EDA). They are intended to be a stand-alone source for newcomers and experienced users. A short outline of principles for electrodermal measurement is given, and recommendations from an earlier report (Fowles et al., ) are incorporated. Three fundamental techniques of EDA recording are described: (1) endosomatic recording without the application of an external current, (2) exosomatic recording with direct current (the most widely applied methodology), and (3) exosomatic recording with alternating current-to date infrequently used but a promising future methodology. In addition to EDA recording in laboratories, ambulatory recording has become an emerging technique. Specific problems that come with this recording of EDA in the field are discussed, as are those emerging from recording EDA within a magnetic field (e.g., fMRI). Recommendations for the details that should be mentioned in publications of EDA methods and results are provided. Copyright © 2012 Society for Psychophysiological Research.
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            Falls and fear of falling: which comes first? A longitudinal prediction model suggests strategies for primary and secondary prevention.

            Previous cross-sectional studies have shown a correlation between falls and fear of falling, but it is unclear which comes first. Our objectives were to determine the temporal relationship between falls and fear of falling, and to see whether these two outcomes share predictors. A 20-month, population-based, prospective, observational study. Salisbury, Maryland. Each evaluation consisted of a home-administered questionnaire, followed by a 4- to 5-hour clinic evaluation. The 2,212 participants in the Salisbury Eye Evaluation project who had baseline and 20-month follow-up clinic evaluations. At baseline, subjects were aged 65 to 84 and community dwelling and had a Mini-Mental State Examination score of 18 or higher. Demographics, visual function, comorbidities, neuropsychiatric status, medication use, and physical performance-based measures were assessed. Stepwise logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate independent predictors of falls and fear of falling at the follow-up evaluation, first predicting incident outcomes and then predicting fall or fear-of-falling status at 20 months with baseline falling and fear of falling as predictors. Falls at baseline were an independent predictor of developing fear of falling 20 months later (odds ratio (OR) = 1.75; P <.0005), and fear of falling at baseline was a predictor of falling at 20 months (OR = 1.79; P <.0005). Women with a history of stroke were at risk of falls and fear of falling at follow-up. In addition, Parkinson's disease, comorbidity, and white race predicted falls, whereas General Health Questionnaire score, age, and taking four or more medications predicted fear of falling. Individuals who develop one of these outcomes are at risk for developing the other, with a resulting spiraling risk of falls, fear of falling, and functional decline. Because falls and fear of falling share predictors, individuals who are at a high risk of developing these endpoints can be identified.
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              Habituation: a dual-process theory.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                mark.carpenter@ubc.ca
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                28 August 2019
                28 August 2019
                2019
                : 9
                : 12449
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2288 9830, GRID grid.17091.3e, School of Kinesiology, , University of British Columbia, ; Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9318, GRID grid.411793.9, Department of Kinesiology, , Brock University, ; St. Catharines, Ontario Canada
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2288 9830, GRID grid.17091.3e, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, , University of British Columbia, ; Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2288 9830, GRID grid.17091.3e, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, , University of British Columbia, ; Vancouver, British Columbia Canada
                Article
                48722
                10.1038/s41598-019-48722-z
                6713771
                31462652
                3a918bfd-e206-4e87-97e6-267bad8749b9
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 1 May 2019
                : 7 August 2019
                Categories
                Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Uncategorized
                motor control,emotion,human behaviour
                Uncategorized
                motor control, emotion, human behaviour

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