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      Multiple dynamic representations in the motor cortex during sensorimotor learning

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          Summary

          The mechanisms linking sensation and action during learning are poorly understood. Layer 2/3 neurons in the motor cortex might participate in sensorimotor integration and learning; they receive input from sensory cortex, and excite deep layer neurons, which control movement. Here we imaged activity in the same set of layer 2/3 neurons in the motor cortex over weeks, while mice learned to detect objects with their whiskers and report detection with licking. Spatially intermingled neurons represented sensory (touch) and motor behaviors (whisking, licking). With learning, the population-level representation of task-related licking strengthened. In trained mice, population-level representations were redundant and stable, despite dynamism of single-neuron representations. The activity of a subpopulation of neurons was consistent with driving licking triggered by touch. Our results suggest that ensembles of motor cortex neurons couple sensory input to multiple, related motor programs during learning.

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          Most cited references48

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          A simple method for organotypic cultures of nervous tissue.

          Hippocampal slices prepared from 2-23-day-old neonates were maintained in culture at the interface between air and a culture medium. They were placed on a sterile, transparent and porous membrane and kept in petri dishes in an incubator. No plasma clot or roller drum were used. This method yields thin slices which remain 1-4 cell layers thick and are characterized by a well preserved organotypic organization. Pyramidal neurons labelled by extra- and intracellular application of horse radish peroxidase resemble by the organization and complexity of their dendritic processes those observed in situ at a comparable developmental stage. Excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials can easily be analysed using extra- or intracellular recording techniques. After a few days in culture, long-term potentiation of synaptic responses can reproducibly be induced. Evidence for a sprouting response during the first days in culture or following sections is illustrated. This technique may represent an interesting alternative to roller tube cultures for studies of the developmental changes occurring during the first days or weeks in culture.
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            Principles of sensorimotor learning.

            The exploits of Martina Navratilova and Roger Federer represent the pinnacle of motor learning. However, when considering the range and complexity of the processes that are involved in motor learning, even the mere mortals among us exhibit abilities that are impressive. We exercise these abilities when taking up new activities - whether it is snowboarding or ballroom dancing - but also engage in substantial motor learning on a daily basis as we adapt to changes in our environment, manipulate new objects and refine existing skills. Here we review recent research in human motor learning with an emphasis on the computational mechanisms that are involved.
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              Functional imaging of hippocampal place cells at cellular resolution during virtual navigation

              Spatial navigation is a widely employed behavior in rodent studies of neuronal circuits underlying cognition, learning and memory. In vivo microscopy combined with genetically-encoded indicators provides important new tools to study neuronal circuits, but has been technically difficult to apply during navigation. We describe methods to image the activity of hippocampal CA1 neurons with sub-cellular resolution in behaving mice. Neurons expressing the genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP3 were imaged through a chronic hippocampal window. Head-fixed mice performed spatial behaviors within a setup combining a virtual reality system and a custom built two-photon microscope. Populations of place cells were optically identified, and the correlation between the location of their place fields in the virtual environment and their anatomical location in the local circuit was measured. The combination of virtual reality and high-resolution functional imaging should allow for a new generation of studies to probe neuronal circuit dynamics during behavior.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                0410462
                6011
                Nature
                Nature
                Nature
                0028-0836
                1476-4687
                25 September 2015
                25 April 2012
                26 April 2012
                12 October 2015
                : 484
                : 7395
                : 473-478
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Janelia Farm Research Campus, HHMI, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA, 20147
                [3 ]Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
                Author notes
                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                [2]

                Present address: Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland

                Article
                HHMIMS363504
                10.1038/nature11039
                4601999
                22538608
                3a9f22db-b75b-4160-809b-f40280540e5c

                Users may view, print, copy, download and text and data- mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use: http://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies/license.html#terms

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