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      A Cardioversion and Renal Dysfunction Cascade: Cardioversion for Atrial Fibrillation, Acute Kidney Injury, and Recurrence of Atrial Fibrillation

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          Abstract

          A 62-year-old woman with hypertension presented with progressively worsening shortness of breath due to acute decompensated heart failure with atrial fibrillation in rapid ventricular response. During admission, she was managed with diuretics, goal-directed medical therapy for heart failure with successful DCCV (Direct current cardioversion) for first episode atrial fibrillation. However, one day after discharge, the patient presented with a recurrence of dyspnea with atrial fibrillation in rapid ventricular response and a reduction in urine output with elevated serum creatinine. In this case report, we describe the syndrome of acute kidney injury following cardioversion for atrial fibrillation known as AFCARD (Atrial Fibrillation Cardioversion Associated with Renal Dysfunction), highlight its incidence and reflect on renal dysfunction subserving the recurrence of atrial fibrillation after successful DCCV.

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          Rate control versus rhythm control for patients with persistent atrial fibrillation with mild to moderate heart failure: results from the RAte Control versus Electrical cardioversion (RACE) study.

          , Otto Kamp, P Dam … (2005)
          This study was conducted to compare rate- and rhythm-control therapy in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) and mild to moderate chronic heart failure (CHF). Rate control is not inferior to rhythm control in preventing mortality and morbidity in patients with AF. In CHF, this issue is still unsettled. In this predefined analysis of the RACE study, a total of 261 patients were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) classes II and III at baseline. These patients were analyzed. The primary end point was a composite of cardiovascular mortality, hospitalization for CHF, thromboembolic complications, bleeding, pacemaker implantation, and life-threatening drug side effects. Furthermore, quality of life was compared. After 2.3 +/- 0.6 years, the primary end point occurred in 29 (22.3%) of the 130 rate-control patients and in 32 (24.4%) of the 131 rhythm-control patients. More cardiovascular deaths, hospitalization for CHF, and bleeding occurred under rate control. Thromboembolic complications, drug side effects, and pacemaker implantation were more frequent under rhythm control. Quality of life did not differ between strategies. In patients successfully treated with rhythm control, the prevalence of end points was not different from those who were in AF at study end. However, the type of end point was different: mortality, bleeding, hospitalization for heart failure, and pacemaker implantation occurred less frequently. In patients with mild to moderate CHF, rate control is not inferior to rhythm control. However, if sinus rhythm can be maintained, outcome may be improved. A prospective randomized trial is necessary to confirm these results.
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            Atrial tachycardia after ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation: identification of the critical isthmus with a combination of multielectrode activation mapping and targeted entrainment mapping.

            Swarnalatha Y Reddy, M. Patel, Petr Neuzil … (2008)
            Atrial tachycardia (AT) that develops after ablation of atrial fibrillation often poses a more difficult clinical situation than the index arrhythmia. This study details the use of an impedance-based electroanatomic mapping system (Ensite NavX) in concert with a specialized multielectrode mapping catheter for rapid, high-density atrial mapping. In this study, this activation mapping was combined with entrainment mapping to eliminate ATs developing late after atrial fibrillation ablation. All study patients developed AT after ablation for atrial fibrillation. The approach to AT ablation consisted of 4 steps: use of a 20-pole penta-array catheter to map the chamber rapidly during the rhythm of interest, analysis of the patterns of atrial activation to identify wave fronts of electric propagation, targeted entrainment at putative channels, and catheter ablation at these "isthmuses." All ablations were performed with irrigated radiofrequency ablation catheters. Forty-one ATs were identified in 17 patients (2.4+/-1.6 ATs per patient). Using the multielectrode catheter in conjunction with the Ensite NavX system, we created activation maps of 33 of 41 ATs (81%) (mean cycle length, 284+/-71 seconds) with a mean of 365+/-108 points per map and an average mapping time of 8+/-3 minutes. Of the 33 mapped ATs, 7 terminated either spontaneously or during entrainment maneuvers. Radiofrequency energy was used to attempt ablation of 26 ATs; 25 of 26 of the ATs (96%) were terminated successfully by ablation or catheter pressure. This study demonstrates a strategy for rapidly defining and eliminating the scar-related ATs typically encountered after ablation of atrial fibrillation.
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              Renal dysfunction and atrial fibrillation recurrence following cardioversion.

              Martin Schmidt, Marcos Daccarett, Harald Rittger … (2011)
              No previous study has assessed the role of renal impairment in predicting the long-term risk of atrial fibrillation recurrence after cardioversion.
              Article 0 comments Cited 6 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Cureus
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Cureus
                Journal ID (issn): 2168-8184
                Title: Cureus
                Publisher: Cureus (Palo Alto (CA) )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2168-8184
                Publication date (Electronic, pub): 14 April 2020
                Publication date (Electronic, collection): April 2020
                Volume: 12
                Issue: 4
                Electronic Location Identifier: e7672
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Internal Medicine, John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, USA
                [2 ] Internal Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, NGA
                [3 ] Internal Medicine, John H. Stroger, Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, USA
                [4 ] Internal Medicine, John H. Stroger Jr Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, USA
                Author notes
                Iriagbonse R. Asemota ask4semo2014@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                DOI: 10.7759/cureus.7672
                PMC ID: 7226683
                SO-VID: 3aa079cd-830d-4406-8143-3cff8f92f631
                Copyright © Copyright © 2020, Asemota et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 6 March 2020
                Date accepted : 14 April 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Cardiology
                Subject: Internal Medicine
                Subject: Nephrology

                Keywords: afcard,atrial fibrillation,atrial fibrillation recurrence,direct current cardioversion,dccv,renal dysfunction,aki,arrhythmia,cardio-renal cascade
                Data availability:
                Keywords: afcard, atrial fibrillation, atrial fibrillation recurrence, direct current cardioversion, dccv, renal dysfunction, aki, arrhythmia, cardio-renal cascade

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