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      Nitrous oxide induced subacute combined degeneration with longitudinally extensive myelopathy with inverted V-sign on spinal MRI: a case report and literature review

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          Abstract

          Background

          Nitrous oxide (N2O), a long-standing anesthetic, is also neurotoxic by interfering with the bioavailability of vitamin B12 if abused. A few case studies have reported the neurological and psychiatric complications of N2O.

          Case presentation

          Here, we reported a patient of N2O induced subacute combined degeneration (SCD) with longitudinally extensive myelopathy with inverted V-sign exhibiting progressive limb paresthesia and unsteady gait.

          Conclusions

          This case raises the awareness of an important mechanism of neural toxicity of N2O, and clinical physicians should be well recognized this in the field of substance-related disorders.

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          Most cited references7

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          Homocysteine, B Vitamins, and Cognitive Impairment.

          Moderately elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) is a strong modifiable risk factor for vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Prospectively, elevated tHcy is associated with cognitive decline, white matter damage, brain atrophy, neurofibrillary tangles, and dementia. Most homocysteine-lowering trials with folate and vitamins B6 and/or B12 tested as protective agents against cognitive decline were poorly designed by including subjects unlikely to benefit during the trial period. In contrast, trials in high-risk subjects, which have taken into account the baseline B vitamin status, show a slowing of cognitive decline and of atrophy in critical brain regions, results that are consistent with modification of the Alzheimer's disease process. Homocysteine may interact with both risk factors and protective factors, thereby identifying people at risk but also providing potential strategies for early intervention. Public health steps to slow cognitive decline should be promoted in individuals who are at risk of dementia, and more trials are needed to see if simple interventions with nutrients can prevent progression to dementia.
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            Neurologic, psychiatric, and other medical manifestations of nitrous oxide abuse: A systematic review of the case literature.

            Nitrous oxide (N2 O) is known to have abuse potential, although debate regarding the toxic effects of such abuse continues. Our objective was to review the case literature and present the neurologic, psychiatric and medical consequences of N2 O abuse.
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              Nitrous oxide-induced B₁₂ deficiency myelopathy: Perspectives on the clinical biochemistry of vitamin B₁₂.

              Beginning with a case report of nitrous oxide (N₂O)-induced B₁₂ deficiency myelopathy, this article reviews the clinical biochemistry of vitamin B₁₂, and examines the pathogenetic mechanisms by which B₁₂ deficiency leads to neurologic damage, and how this damage is potentiated by N₂O exposure. The article systematically examines the available experimental data relating to the two main coenzyme mechanisms that are usually suggested in clinical articles, particularly the deficient methylation hypothesis. The article demonstrates that neither of these mechanisms is fully consistent with the available data. The article then presents a novel mechanism based on new data from the neuroimmunology basic science literature which suggests that the pathogenesis of B₁₂ deficiency myelopathy may not be related to its role as a coenzyme, but rather to newly discovered functions of B₁₂ in regulating cytokines and growth factors.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                yuan_doctor@163.com
                35853253@qq.com
                jiangtao@bjcyh.com
                huwenli@sina.com
                Journal
                BMC Neurol
                BMC Neurol
                BMC Neurology
                BioMed Central (London )
                1471-2377
                28 December 2017
                28 December 2017
                2017
                : 17
                : 222
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0369 153X, GRID grid.24696.3f, Department of Neurology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, , Capital Medical University, ; Beijing, 100020 China
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0369 153X, GRID grid.24696.3f, Department of Radiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, , Capital Medical University, ; Beijing, 100020 China
                Article
                990
                10.1186/s12883-017-0990-3
                5745895
                29282001
                3aa42c6f-d86f-4ac2-8eda-8a6e92f1b127
                © The Author(s). 2017

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 20 May 2017
                : 26 November 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China
                Award ID: 81301016
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals' Youth Programme
                Award ID: QML20150303
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Case Report
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2017

                Neurology
                nitrous oxide,subacute combined degeneration
                Neurology
                nitrous oxide, subacute combined degeneration

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