95
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    8
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Nonpharmacological, somatic treatments of depression: electroconvulsive therapy and novel brain stimulation modalities Translated title: Tratamientos somáticos no farmacológicos de la depresión: terapia electroconvulsiva y nuevas modalidades de estimulación cerebral Translated title: Traitements somatiques, non pharmacologiques de la dépression : électrochoc et nouvelles modalités de stimulation cérébrale

      research-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Until recently, a review of nonpharmacological, somatic treatments of psychiatric disorders would have included only electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). This situation is now changing very substantially Although ECT remains the only modality in widespread clinical use, several new techniques are under investigation. Their principal indication in the psychiatric context is the treatment of major depression, but other applications are also being studied. All the novel treatments involve brain stimulation, which is achieved by different technological methods. The treatment closest to the threshold of clinical acceptability is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Although TMS is safe and relatively easy to administer, its efficacy has still to be definitively established. Other modalities, at various stages of research development, include magnetic seizure therapy (MST), deep brain stimulation (DBS), and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). We briefly review the development and technical aspects of these treatments, their potential role in the treatment of major depression, adverse effects, and putative mechanism of action. As the only one of these treatment modalities that is in widespread clinical use, more extended consideration is given to ECT. Although more than half a century has elapsed since ECT was first introduced, it remains the most effective treatment for major depression, with efficacy in patients refractory to antidepressant drugs and an acceptable safety profile. Although they hold considerable promise, the novel brain stimulation techniques reviewed here will be need to be further developed before they achieve clinical acceptability.

          Translated abstract

          Hasta hace muy poco tiempo una revisión de los tratamientos somáticos, no farmacológicos de los trastornos psiquiátricos habría incluido sólo la terapia electrocovulsiva (TEC). Esta situación está cambiando significativamente en la actualidad. Aunque la TEC permanece como la única modalidad de amplio uso clínico, existen nuevas técnicas que están en investigación. La principal indicación en el ámbito psiquiátrico es el tratamiento de la depresión mayor, pero también se están estudiando otras aplicaciones. Todos los nuevos tratamientos incorporan la estimulación cerebral, la que se obtiene a través de diferentes métodos tecnológicos. El tratamiento más cercano al límite de la aceptación clínica es la estimulación magnética transcraneal (EMT). Aunque la EMT es segura y relativamente fácil de administrar, su eficacia aun no ha sido definitivamente establecida. Otras modalidades, en diversas etapas de investigación, incluyen la terapia magnética convulsiva (TMC), la estimulación cerebral profunda (ECP) y la estimulación del nervio vago (ENV). Se revisa brevemente el desarrollo y los aspectos técnicos de estos tratamientos, su potencial papel en el tratamiento de la depresión, los efectos adversos y los mecanismos de acción. Se revisa en mayor extensión la TEC por ser la única de estas modalidades terapéuticas que se utiliza ampliamente en clínica. Aunque ha transcurrido más de medio siglo desde que la TEC fue introducida por primera vez, ésta continúa siendo el tratamiento más efectivo para la depresión mayor, con eficacia en pacientes refractarios a los fármacos antidepresivos y con un aceptable perfil de seguridad. Aunque las nuevas técnicas de estimulación cerebral revisadas acá parecen promisorias, requerirán de un mayor desarrollo a futuro antes de que alcancen aceptación clínica.

          Translated abstract

          II y a peu de temps encore, une analyse des traitements somatiques non pharmacologiques des troubles psychiatriques n'aurait compris que l'électrochoc. Cette situation est en train de changer notablement. Bien que l'électrochoc reste la seule modalité en pratique clinique courante, plusieurs nouvelles techniques sont en expérimentation. Leur indication principale dans le contexte psychiatrique est le traitement de la dépression majeure, mais d'autres applications sont en cours d'étude. Tous les nouveaux traitements font intervenir la stimulation cérébrale, réalisée par différentes techniques. Le traitement le plus proche du seuil d'acceptabilité clinique est la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne (SMT). Bien que la SMT soit sûre et relativement facile à administrer, son efficacité doit encore être définitivement établie. D'autres modalités, à différents stades de recherche, comprennent le traitement d'attaque magnétique (TAM), la stimulation cérébrale profonde (SCP) et la stimulation du nerf vagal (SNV). Nous analysons brièvement le développement et les aspects techniques de ces traitements, leur rôle potentiel dans le traitement de la dépression majeure, leurs effets indésirables et leur mécanisme d'action reconnu. Une attention plus importante est portée à l'électrochoc, car c'est le seul de ces traitements qui est utilisé en pratique clinique courante. Bien que l'introduction de l'électrochoc remonte à plus d'un demi siècle, il reste le traitement le plus efficace de la dépression majeure, efficace chez les patients résistants aux antidépresseurs et doté d'un profil de sécurité acceptable. Bien que très prometteuses, les nouvelles techniques de stimulation cérébrale analysées ici devront faire l'objet d'un développement ultérieur avant d'obtenir une acceptabilité clinique.

          Related collections

          Most cited references195

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          More hippocampal neurons in adult mice living in an enriched environment.

          Neurogenesis occurs in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus throughout the life of a rodent, but the function of these new neurons and the mechanisms that regulate their birth are unknown. Here we show that significantly more new neurons exist in the dentate gyrus of mice exposed to an enriched environment compared with littermates housed in standard cages. We also show, using unbiased stereology, that the enriched mice have a larger hippocampal granule cell layer and 15 per cent more granule cell neurons in the dentate gyrus.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Stress and hippocampal plasticity.

            B S McEwen (1999)
            The hippocampus is a target of stress hormones, and it is an especially plastic and vulnerable region of the brain. It also responds to gonadal, thyroid, and adrenal hormones, which modulate changes in synapse formation and dendritic structure and regulate dentate gyrus volume during development and in adult life. Two forms of structural plasticity are affected by stress: Repeated stress causes atrophy of dendrites in the CA3 region, and both acute and chronic stress suppresses neurogenesis of dentate gyrus granule neurons. Besides glucocorticoids, excitatory amino acids and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are involved in these two forms of plasticity as well as in neuronal death that is caused in pyramidal neurons by seizures and by ischemia. The two forms of hippocampal structural plasticity are relevant to the human hippocampus, which undergoes a selective atrophy in a number of disorders, accompanied by deficits in declarative episodic, spatial, and contextual memory performance. It is important, from a therapeutic standpoint, to distinguish between a permanent loss of cells and a reversible atrophy.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Chronic antidepressant treatment increases neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus.

              Recent studies suggest that stress-induced atrophy and loss of hippocampal neurons may contribute to the pathophysiology of depression. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of antidepressants on hippocampal neurogenesis in the adult rat, using the thymidine analog bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) as a marker for dividing cells. Our studies demonstrate that chronic antidepressant treatment significantly increases the number of BrdU-labeled cells in the dentate gyrus and hilus of the hippocampus. Administration of several different classes of antidepressant, but not non-antidepressant, agents was found to increase BrdU-labeled cell number, indicating that this is a common and selective action of antidepressants. In addition, upregulation of the number of BrdU-labeled cells is observed after chronic, but not acute, treatment, consistent with the time course for the therapeutic action of antidepressants. Additional studies demonstrated that antidepressant treatment increases the proliferation of hippocampal cells and that these new cells mature and become neurons, as determined by triple labeling for BrdU and neuronal- or glial-specific markers. These findings raise the possibility that increased cell proliferation and increased neuronal number may be a mechanism by which antidepressant treatment overcomes the stress-induced atrophy and loss of hippocampal neurons and may contribute to the therapeutic actions of antidepressant treatment.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
                Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
                Journal
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
                Les Laboratoires Servier (France )
                1294-8322
                1958-5969
                June 2006
                June 2006
                : 8
                : 2
                : 241-258
                Affiliations
                Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
                Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
                Author notes
                Article
                10.31887/DCNS.2006.8.2/reitan
                3181773
                16889109
                3aae890b-a255-4459-9d34-216df52435e8
                Copyright: © 2006 LLS

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Categories
                Clinical Research

                Neurosciences
                depression,electroconvulsive therapy,vagus nerve stimulation,transcranial magnetic stimulation,deep brain stimulation

                Comments

                Comment on this article