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      Tendencias de la prevalencia del VIH y de las conductas de riesgo asociadas en mujeres trabajadoras del sexo en Cataluña Translated title: Trends in HIV prevalence and associated risk behaviors in female sex workers in Catalonia (Spain)

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          Abstract

          Objetivos: Describir las tendencias en la prevalencia del VIH, las conductas sexuales de riesgo y otros indicadores de salud sexual y reproductiva en mujeres trabajadoras del sexo durante 2005-2011. Metodología: Estudios transversales realizados de forma bienal en mujeres trabajadoras del sexo reclutadas en Cataluña en la calle, en pisos y en locales (n = 400). Aparte de un cuestionario anónimo, se recogieron muestras de fluido oral para estimar la prevalencia del VIH. La significación de las tendencias lineales en las proporciones se analizó mediante el test de tendencias lineales de Mantel. Resultados: El porcentaje de trabajadoras del sexo que usó preservativo de forma inconstante con los clientes (últimos 6 meses) se incrementó del 5,1% en 2005 al 9,9% en 2011 (p = 0,005), al igual que con las parejas estables (del 86,2% al 94,4%; p = 0,002). La prevalencia de infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) autodeclaradas aumentó del 14% en 2005 al 20,6% en 2011 (p = 0,001). La prevalencia del VIH se ha mantenido constante a lo largo de los años (alrededor del 2%), y es mayor en las españolas (14,7% en 2011). Discusión: Se observa una estabilización en la prevalencia del VIH en las mujeres trabajadoras del sexo, superior en las españolas. El incremento de las relaciones sexuales desprotegidas y de la prevalencia de ITS en las trabajadoras del sexo durante 2005-2011 pone de relieve una posible relajación en las conductas preventivas del colectivo, por lo que deben continuar las intervenciones dirigidas a disminuir la transmisión de estas infecciones, así como de los embarazos no deseados.

          Translated abstract

          Objectives: To describe trends in HIV prevalence, sexual risk behaviors and other sexual health indicators in female sex workers (SW) from 2005 to 2011. Methods: Cross-sectional studies were conducted biennially among SW recruited in Catalonia (Spain) in the street, flats and clubs (n = 400). In addition to an anonymous questionnaire, oral fluid samples were collected to estimate HIV prevalence. Linear trends in proportions were assessed by the Mantel test. Results: The percentage of SW who used condoms inconsistently with clients (past 6 months) increased from 5.1% in 2005 to 9.9% in 2011 (p = 0.005); this percentage also increased with steady partners (86.2% in 2005 to 94.4% in 2011, p = 0.002). The prevalence of self-reported sexually transmitted infections (STI) increased from 14% in 2005 to 20.6% in 2011 (p = 0.001). The prevalence of HIV held constant over the years (about 2%), being higher in Spanish women (14.7% in 2011). Discussion: The prevalence of HIV in SW remained stable over the years, being higher in Spanish SW. The increase in unprotected sex and in the prevalence of self-reported STI among SW from 2005 to 2011 highlights a possible relaxation in preventive behaviors in this group. Interventions to reduce the transmission of these infections, as well as unwanted pregnancies, should continue in Catalonia in SW.

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          Factors mediating HIV risk among female sex workers in Europe: a systematic review and ecological analysis

          Objectives We reviewed the epidemiology of HIV and selected sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among female sex workers (FSWs) in WHO-defined Europe. There were three objectives: (1) to assess the prevalence of HIV and STIs (chlamydia, syphilis and gonorrhoea); (2) to describe structural and individual-level risk factors associated with prevalence and (3) to examine the relationship between structural-level factors and national estimates of HIV prevalence among FSWs. Design A systematic search of published and unpublished literature measuring HIV/STIs and risk factors among FSWs, identified through electronic databases published since 2005. ‘Best’ estimates of HIV prevalence were calculated from the systematic review to provide national level estimates of HIV. Associations between HIV prevalence and selected structural-level indicators were assessed using linear regression models. Studies reviewed Of the 1993 papers identified in the search, 73 peer-reviewed and grey literature documents were identified as meeting our criteria of which 63 papers provided unique estimates of HIV and STI prevalence and nine reported multivariate risk factors for HIV/STI among FSWs. Results HIV in Europe remains low among FSWs who do not inject drugs (<1%), but STIs are high, particularly syphilis in the East and gonorrhoea. FSWs experience high levels of violence and structural risk factors associated with HIV, including lack of access to services and working on the street. Linear regression models showed HIV among FSWs to link with injecting drug use and imprisonment. Conclusions Findings show that HIV prevention interventions should be nested inside strategies that address the social welfare of sex workers, highlighting in turn the need to target the social determinants of health and inequality, including regarding access to services, experience of violence and migration. Future epidemiological and intervention studies of HIV among vulnerable populations need to better systematically delineate how microenvironmental and macroenvironmental factors combine to increase or reduce HIV/STI risk.
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            Alcohol use, unprotected sex, and sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in China.

            Alcohol use has been suggested to interfere with condom use and to increase sexual risk behaviors. However, data on the prevalence of this practice among female sex workers and its association with condom use and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are limited. Data were collected through the baseline survey of an HIV prevention project among 454 establishment-based female sex workers in Guangxi, China, in 2004. Both global association and situational analysis were performed using 2 measures of alcohol use (alcohol intoxication and drinking alcohol before having sex with a client). Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association of alcohol use with women's condom use and STIs. One-third of women reported being intoxicated with alcohol at least once a month during the previous 6 months, and about 30% reported using alcohol before having sex with clients. In comparison with women who did not use alcohol before engaging in sex with clients, women who did so reported significantly less consistent condom use and higher rates of both current STIs and a history of STI. However, alcohol intoxication was not associated with condom use and STIs. These findings indicate event-specific rather than global associations of alcohol use with inconsistent condom use and STIs. Alcohol use before commercial sex is associated with unprotected sex and increased risk for STIs. Interventions that address both alcohol use and HIV risk behaviors in the context of commercial sex may have a great impact in preventing the spread of HIV in China.
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              HIV and sexual risk behavior among commercial sex workers in the Netherlands.

              In 2002-2005, a cross-sectional study to assess the potential for HIV transmission was carried out among 557 female and male-to-female transgender commercial sex workers (CSW) in three cities in the Netherlands. Female CSW (F-CSW), drug-using female CSW (DU), and transgender sex workers were recruited in street-based and establishment-based sites. An anonymous questionnaire was administrated by interviewers and a saliva sample was collected for HIV antibody testing. The overall HIV prevalence was 5.7% (31/547; 10 samples were excluded because of "intermediate" test results). HIV was more prevalent among transgender (18.8%, 13/69) and DU (13.6%, 12/88) sex workers than among F-CSW (1.5%, 6/390). Of the HIV positive CSW, 74% were unaware of their infection. Consistent condom use with clients was 81%. Regular condom failure with clients was reported by 39%. In multivariate analyses, transgender sex workers (OR = 22.9), drug-using CSW who ever injected drugs (OR = 31.1), African (OR = 19.0), and South European ethnicity (OR = 7.2) were independently associated with HIV. Condom failure (PRR = 2.0), anal sex (PRR = 2.1), and drug use (PRR = 3.8) were associated with inconsistent condom use with clients. There is a potential risk for further spread of HIV, through clients and (private) partners of sex workers, to the general population. Targeted health promotion activities are indicated for transgender sex workers and drug-using female CSW; active HIV testing must be continued.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                gs
                Gaceta Sanitaria
                Gac Sanit
                Ediciones Doyma, S.L. (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                0213-9111
                June 2014
                : 28
                : 3
                : 196-202
                Affiliations
                [03] Badalona orgnameGeneralitat de Catalunya orgdiv1Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya (ASPC) España
                [02] orgnameInstitut Català d'Oncologia (ICO)
                [05] Barcelona orgnameUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona orgdiv1Facultat de Medicina orgdiv2Departament de Pediatria, d'Obstetrícia i Ginecologia i de Medicina Preventiva i de Salut Pública España
                [06] Barcelona orgnameFundació Àmbit Prevenció España
                [01] orgnameCentre d'Estudis Epidemiològics sobre les Infeccions de Transmissió Sexual i Sida de Catalunya (CEEISCAT)
                [04] orgnameCentro de Investigación Biomédica En Red (CIBER) de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) España
                [07] Badalona orgnameHospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol orgdiv1Servicio de Microbiología España
                Article
                S0213-91112014000300004
                10.1016/j.gaceta.2013.11.004
                24393261
                3aaf1465-f86d-43d7-b652-9323ab826a32

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 21 November 2013
                : 24 July 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 33, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Conductas de riego,Estudio transversal,Infecciones de transmisión sexual,Trabajadoras del sexo,VIH,Sexual behavior,Cross-sectional studies,Sexually-transmitted infections,Sex workers,HIV

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