Dual sensory impairment in older adults and risk of dementia from the GEM Study

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Abstract

Introduction

Hearing and vision loss are independently associated with dementia, but the impact of dual sensory impairment (DSI) on dementia risk is not well understood.

Methods

Self‐reported measures of hearing and vision were taken from 2051 participants at baseline from the Gingko Evaluation of Memory Study. Dementia status was ascertained using standardized criteria. Cox models were used to estimate risk of dementia associated with number of sensory impairments (none, one, or two).

Results

DSI was significantly associated with higher risk of all‐cause dementia (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.86; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.25‐2.76) and Alzheimer's disease (HR = 2.12; 95% CI = 1.34‐3.36). Individually only visual impairment was independently associated with an increased risk of all‐cause dementia (HR = 1.32; 95% CI = 1.02‐1.71).

Discussion

Older adults with DSI are at a significantly increased risk for dementia. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether treatments can modify this risk.

Related collections

Most cited references 38

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The Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) examination.

E Teng, H Chui (1987)

The Mini-Mental State (MMS) examination is a widely used screening test for dementia. The Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) incorporates four added test items, more graded scoring, and some other minor changes. These modifications are designed to sample a broader variety of cognitive functions, cover a wider range of difficulty levels, and enhance the reliability and the validity of the scores. The 3MS retains the brevity, ease of administration, and objective scoring of the MMS but broadens the range of scores from 0-30 to 0-100. Greater sensitivities of the 3MS over the MMS are demonstrated with the pentagon item drawn by 249 patients. A summary form for administration and scoring that can generate both the MMS and the 3MS scores is provided so that the examiner can maintain continuity with existing data and can obtain a more informative assessment.

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Is Open Access

eulerAPE: Drawing Area-Proportional 3-Venn Diagrams Using Ellipses

Luana Micallef, Peter Rodgers (2014)

Venn diagrams with three curves are used extensively in various medical and scientific disciplines to visualize relationships between data sets and facilitate data analysis. The area of the regions formed by the overlapping curves is often directly proportional to the cardinality of the depicted set relation or any other related quantitative data. Drawing these diagrams manually is difficult and current automatic drawing methods do not always produce appropriate diagrams. Most methods depict the data sets as circles, as they perceptually pop out as complete distinct objects due to their smoothness and regularity. However, circles cannot draw accurate diagrams for most 3-set data and so the generated diagrams often have misleading region areas. Other methods use polygons to draw accurate diagrams. However, polygons are non-smooth and non-symmetric, so the curves are not easily distinguishable and the diagrams are difficult to comprehend. Ellipses are more flexible than circles and are similarly smooth, but none of the current automatic drawing methods use ellipses. We present eulerAPE as the first method and software that uses ellipses for automatically drawing accurate area-proportional Venn diagrams for 3-set data. We describe the drawing method adopted by eulerAPE and we discuss our evaluation of the effectiveness of eulerAPE and ellipses for drawing random 3-set data. We compare eulerAPE and various other methods that are currently available and we discuss differences between their generated diagrams in terms of accuracy and ease of understanding for real world data.

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Olfactory and other sensory impairments in Alzheimer disease

Claire Murphy (2018)

The vast increase in Alzheimer disease (AD) worldwide has grave implications for individuals, family support systems and the health-care systems that will attempt to cope with the disease. Early markers of the disease are essential for efficient selection of clinical trial participants for drug development and for timely treatment once an intervention becomes available. There is avid interest in noninvasive, inexpensive markers that have the potential to identify prodromal AD. This Review considers sensory impairments that have the potential to serve as early indicators of AD, with a focus on olfaction, hearing and vision. Current evidence regarding the potential markers of AD in each modality is examined, with a particular emphasis on olfaction and current findings that olfactory function is associated with prodromal AD. Research suggests that olfactory impairment is associated with other markers that signal the emergence of prodromal AD. Auditory impairment is associated with dementia in epidemiological studies and visual system deficits have been reported in AD; however, the emergence of these deficits in prodromal AD is unclear. Further research is necessary to address the relative sensitivity and specificity of olfactory, auditory and visual measures for the detection of prodromal AD.

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All references

Author and article information

Contributors

Phillip H. Hwang: phillh@uw.edu

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Alzheimers Dement (Amst)

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Alzheimers Dement (Amst)

Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)2352-8729

Journal ID (publisher-id): DAD2

Title: Alzheimer's & Dementia : Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring

Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )

ISSN (Electronic): 2352-8729

Publication date (Electronic): 07 July 2020

Publication date Collection: 2020

Volume: 12

Issue: 1 ( doiID: 10.1002/dad2.v12.1 )

Electronic Location Identifier: e12054

Affiliations

[ ¹ ] Department of Epidemiology University of Washington Seattle Washington USA

[ ² ] Department of Neurology University of Washington Seattle Washington USA

[ ³ ] Department of Psychiatry University of California San Francisco California USA

[ ⁴ ] Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Washington Seattle Washington USA

[ ⁵ ] Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center Puget Sound VA Medical Center Seattle Washington USA

[ ⁶ ] Department of Neurology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA

[ ⁷ ] Department of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA

[ ⁸ ] Department of Ophthalmology University of Washington Seattle Washington USA

[ ⁹ ] Department of Neurology University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA

[ ¹⁰ ] Department of Family Medicine University of Washington Seattle Washington USA

[ ¹¹ ] Department of Global Health University of Washington Seattle Washington USA

Author notes

[*] [* ] Correspondence

Phillip H. Hwang, University of Washington, Department of Epidemiology, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Health Sciences Building, F‐262, Box 357236, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.

Email: phillh@ 123456uw.edu

Article

Publisher ID: DAD212054

DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12054

PMC ID: 7340796

PubMed ID: 32671180

SO-VID: 3ad1a778-e6c2-4d29-aa94-0ca942e328d5

License:

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

History

Date received : 26 May 2020

Date accepted : 26 May 2020

Page count

Figures: 2, Tables: 4, Pages: 9, Words: 6261

Custom metadata

source-schema-version-number 2.0

cover-date 2020

details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.8.5 mode:remove_FC converted:07.07.2020

Keywords: alzheimer's disease,dementia,dual sensory impairment (dsi),epidemiology,gingko evaluation of memory study,hearing,vision

Data availability:

Keywords: alzheimer's disease, dementia, dual sensory impairment (dsi), epidemiology, gingko evaluation of memory study, hearing, vision