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      Increased Attentional Bias Toward Visual Cues in Internet Gaming Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An Event-Related Potential Study

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          Abstract

          Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is a newly identified potential addiction disorder associated with compulsive internet-game playing behavior and attentional bias toward online gaming- related cues. Attentional bias toward addiction-related cues is the core feature of addiction that is associated with craving, but the pathophysiology of attentional bias in IGD is not well-understood, such as its relationship to compulsivity. In this study, we used the electrophysiological marker of late positive potential (LPP) to compare attentional bias in IGD and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Twenty patients with IGD, 20 patients with OCD, and 23 healthy control (HC) subjects viewed a series of game-related, OCD-related, and neutral pictures while their event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. The game-related cues included in-game screen captures of popular internet games. The OCD-related cues included pictures which provokes obsessive and compulsive symptoms of contamination/washing or checking. LPPs were calculated as the mean value of amplitudes between 350 and 750 ms at the centro-parietal (CP1, CPz, CP2) and parietal (P1, Pz, P2) electrode sites. Higher LPP amplitudes were found for game-related cues in the IGD group than in the HCs, and higher LPP amplitudes were observed in the OCD group for OCD-related cues. The IGD group did not exhibit LPP changes in response to OCD-related cues. Subjective scales demonstrated increased arousal to game-related cues and OCD-related cues in both the IGD and OCD groups compared with the HC group. Increased LPPs in response to disorder-specific cues (game-related and OCD-related) were found in both IGD and OCD groups respectively, although the groups showed overlapping arousal on subjective scales. Our results indicate that LPP is a candidate neurophysiological marker for cue-related craving in IGD.

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          Most cited references35

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          Event-related potentials, emotion, and emotion regulation: an integrative review.

          Progress in the study of emotion and emotion regulation has increasingly been informed by neuroscientific methods. This article focuses on two components of the event-related potential (ERP)--the P300 and the late positive potential (LPP)--and how they can be used to understand the interaction between the more automatic and controlled processing of emotional stimuli. Research is reviewed exploring: the dynamics of emotional response as indexed at early and late latencies; neurobiological correlates of emotional response; individual and developmental differences; ways in which the LPP can be utilized as a measure of emotion regulation. Future directions for the application of ERP/electroencephalogram (EEG) in achieving a more complete understanding of emotional processing and its regulation are presented.
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            Psychology of computer use: XL. Addictive use of the Internet: a case that breaks the stereotype.

            This case involves a homemaker 43 years of age who is addicted to using the Internet. This case was selected as it demonstrates that a nontechnologically oriented woman with a reportedly content home life and no prior addiction or psychiatric history abused the Internet which resulted in significant impairment to her family life. This paper defines addictive use of the Internet, outlines the subject's progression of addictive on-line use, and discusses the implications of such addictive behavior on the new market of Internet consumers.
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              Emotion and attention: event-related brain potential studies.

              Emotional pictures guide selective visual attention. A series of event-related brain potential (ERP) studies is reviewed demonstrating the consistent and robust modulation of specific ERP components by emotional images. Specifically, pictures depicting natural pleasant and unpleasant scenes are associated with an increased early posterior negativity, late positive potential, and sustained positive slow wave compared with neutral contents. These modulations are considered to index different stages of stimulus processing including perceptual encoding, stimulus representation in working memory, and elaborate stimulus evaluation. Furthermore, the review includes a discussion of studies exploring the interaction of motivated attention with passive and active forms of attentional control. Recent research is reviewed exploring the selective processing of emotional cues as a function of stimulus novelty, emotional prime pictures, learned stimulus significance, and in the context of explicit attention tasks. It is concluded that ERP measures are useful to assess the emotion-attention interface at the level of distinct processing stages. Results are discussed within the context of two-stage models of stimulus perception brought out by studies of attention, orienting, and learning.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Psychiatry
                Front Psychiatry
                Front. Psychiatry
                Frontiers in Psychiatry
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-0640
                13 July 2018
                2018
                : 9
                : 315
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Medical Center , Seoul, South Korea
                [2] 2Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul, South Korea
                [3] 3Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Seoul National University College of Natural Science , Seoul, South Korea
                [4] 4Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center , Seoul, South Korea
                [5] 5Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine , Seoul, South Korea
                Author notes

                Edited by: Jintao Zhang, Beijing Normal University, China

                Reviewed by: Robert F. Leeman, University of Florida, United States; Martin Zack, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Canada; Amy C. Janes, Harvard Medical School, United States

                *Correspondence: Jung-Seok Choi choijs73@ 123456gmail.com

                This article was submitted to Addictive Disorders, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychiatry

                Article
                10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00315
                6053507
                30057559
                3af24a55-8fcd-4dc5-a852-09fe8b0a872d
                Copyright © 2018 Kim, Kim, Lee, Lee, Park, Park, Kim, Kwon and Choi.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 28 February 2018
                : 25 June 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 45, Pages: 9, Words: 6688
                Funding
                Funded by: National Research Foundation of Korea 10.13039/501100003725
                Award ID: 2014M3C7A1062894
                Categories
                Psychiatry
                Original Research

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                event-related potential,late positive potential,craving,attentional bias,internet gaming disorder,obsessive compulsive disorder,cue reactivity

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