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      The impact of decreased environmental reward in predicting depression severity in caregivers Translated title: El impacto del refuerzo ambiental reducido en la predicción de la gravedad de la depresión en cuidadores

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          Abstract

          Abstract: Reward has not been examined as a predictor of depression in the caregiver population despite the high prevalence of depression. The aim of this study was to analyze reward as a predictor of the level of depression (no depression, subclinical depression, major depressive episode) in caregivers. Independent evaluators evaluated the socio-demographic variables of the caregiver and the care recipient, the care situation, reward, and depressive symptomatology through self-reports. Expert clinicians evaluated the prevalence of major depressive episodes using the SCID-5-CV in 592 caregivers (87.2% women, average age = 55.4 years). The average reward score was 28.1. Reward was lower in caregivers younger than 55 years old who belonged to the lower/lower-middle classes. Reward was higher in caregivers without depression than in those with subclinical depression or experiencing a major depressive episode. Reward was also higher in caregivers with subclinical depression versus those with a major depressive episode. Caregivers with higher reward had a lower probability of subclinical depression (adjusted OR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.75-0.83) and a major depressive episode (adjusted OR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.62-0.72). Reward was a protective factor against subclinical depression and a major depressive episode in caregivers.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Pese a sus dificultades para realizar actividades agradables y la alta prevalencia de depresión, no se ha analizado el refuerzo como predictor de la depresión en la población de cuidadores. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el refuerzo como predictor del nivel de depresión (sin depresión, depresión subclínica, episodio depresivo mayor) en cuidadores. Evaluadores independientes evaluaron las variables sociodemográficas del cuidador, la persona cuidada y la situación de cuidado, el refuerzo y la sintomatología depresiva mediante autoinformes, y clínicos expertos evaluaron el episodio depresivo mayor mediante la SCID-5-CV, en 592 cuidadores (87.2% mujeres; edad media = 55.4 años). La puntuación media en refuerzo fue 28.1. El refuerzo fue menor en cuidadores ≤55 años y de clase social baja-media/baja. Y mayor en cuidadores sin depresión que en aquellos con depresión subclínica y episodio depresivo mayor, y en cuidadores con depresión subclínica frente a aquellos con episodio depresivo mayor. Los cuidadores con mayor refuerzo tenían menor probabilidad de depresión subclínica (adjusted OR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.75-0.83) y episodio depresivo mayor (adjusted OR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.62-0.72). El refuerzo fue un factor de protección frente a la depresión subclínica y el episodio depresivo mayor en cuidadores.

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          Most cited references36

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          The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population

          L Radloff (1977)
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            Behavioral activation treatments of depression: a meta-analysis.

            Activity scheduling is a behavioral treatment of depression in which patients learn to monitor their mood and daily activities, and how to increase the number of pleasant activities and to increase positive interactions with their environment. We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized effect studies of activity scheduling. Sixteen studies with 780 subjects were included. The pooled effect size indicating the difference between intervention and control conditions at post-test was 0.87 (95% CI: 0.60 - 1.15). This is a large effect. Heterogeneity was low in all analyses. The comparisons with other psychological treatments at post-test resulted in a non-significant pooled effect size of 0.13 in favor of activity scheduling. In ten studies activity scheduling was compared to cognitive therapy, and the pooled effect size indicating the difference between these two types of treatment was 0.02. The changes from post-test to follow-up for activity scheduling were non-significant, indicating that the benefits of the treatments were retained at follow-up. The differences between activity scheduling and cognitive therapy at follow-up were also non-significant. Activity scheduling is an attractive treatment for depression, not only because it is relatively uncomplicated, time-efficient and does not require complex skills from patients or therapist, but also because this meta-analysis found clear indications that it is effective.
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              Contemporary behavioral activation treatments for depression: procedures, principles, and progress.

              In the past decade, there has been renewed interest in the feasibility and efficacy of purely behavioral treatments for clinical depression. Emphasizing the functional aspects of depressive and nondepressive behavior, these treatments focus on the concept of behavioral activation, which guides implementation of procedures aimed at increasing patient activity and access to reinforcement. Although researchers have provided positive preliminary support for behavioral activation-based interventions, many fundamental issues concerning strategies, principles, and change processes involved in behavioral activation have yet to be addressed. In this paper, we compare and contrast contemporary behavioral activation interventions, explore strategies and process of change issues, clarify the basic behavioral principles underlying activation strategies, and outline questions that need to be addressed to improve outcomes and better understand the potential significance of behavioral activation as it pertains to the future of behavior therapy for depression.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ap
                Anales de Psicología
                Anal. Psicol.
                Universidad de Murcia (Murcia, Murcia, Spain )
                0212-9728
                1695-2294
                2019
                : 35
                : 3
                : 357-363
                Affiliations
                [3] orgnameUniversidad de A Coruña orgdiv1Department of Psychology Spain
                [5] Galicia orgnameUniversidad de Santiago de Compostela orgdiv1Department of Social and Basic Psychology and Methodology Spain
                [2] Galicia orgnameUniversidad de Santiago de Compostela orgdiv1Department of Evolutionary and Educational Psychology Spain
                [1] Galicia orgnameUniversidad de Santiago de Compostela orgdiv1Department of Clinical Psychiatry and Psychobiology Spain
                [4] Galicia orgnameUniversidad de Santiago de Compostela orgdiv1Department of Psychiatry, Radiology, Public Health, Nursing, and Medicine Spain
                Article
                S0212-97282019000300001 S0212-9728(19)03500300001
                10.6018/analesps.35.3.329131
                21502776
                3b1ae360-d5c4-4de4-b3ab-af58f839cf59

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 25 April 2018
                : 28 February 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 36, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Clinical and Health Psychology

                cuidadores no profesionales,non-professional caregivers,environmental reward,major depression,subclinical depression,depresión mayor,refuerzo ambiental,depresión subclínica

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