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      Nationwide Distribution of Dengue Virus Type 3 (DENV-3) Genotype I and Emergence of DENV-3 Genotype III during the 2019 Outbreak in Bangladesh

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          Abstract

          Bangladesh is an endemic region of dengue fever and experienced an unprecedented large outbreak with more than 100,000 confirmed cases in 2019. To understand the prevalence of dengue antibody in patients and molecular epidemiological characteristics of dengue virus (DENV) in this outbreak, a total of 179 blood samples were collected from patients in 10 districts (seven divisions) covering nearly the whole country from August to December 2019. DENV NS-1 was detected in 162 samples, among which DENV-specific IgM was positive in 119 samples (73.5%), including 60.5% samples also positive for DENV-specific IgG. Sequencing of the partial C-prM gene and its phylogenetic analysis revealed predominance of DENV type 3 genotype I, accounting for 93% of samples examined. DENV-3 genotype III was identified in two samples from separate districts, and only one DENV-2 cosmopolitan genotype was found in the capital city, Dhaka. These findings suggest the predominance of DENV-3 genotype I and occurrence of DENV-3 genotype III, associated with increased incidence of recent secondary infection in Bangladesh in 2019.

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          Most cited references31

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          MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 6.0.

          We announce the release of an advanced version of the Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software, which currently contains facilities for building sequence alignments, inferring phylogenetic histories, and conducting molecular evolutionary analysis. In version 6.0, MEGA now enables the inference of timetrees, as it implements the RelTime method for estimating divergence times for all branching points in a phylogeny. A new Timetree Wizard in MEGA6 facilitates this timetree inference by providing a graphical user interface (GUI) to specify the phylogeny and calibration constraints step-by-step. This version also contains enhanced algorithms to search for the optimal trees under evolutionary criteria and implements a more advanced memory management that can double the size of sequence data sets to which MEGA can be applied. Both GUI and command-line versions of MEGA6 can be downloaded from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.
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            The global distribution and burden of dengue

            Dengue is a systemic viral infection transmitted between humans by Aedes mosquitoes 1 . For some patients dengue is a life-threatening illness 2 . There are currently no licensed vaccines or specific therapeutics, and substantial vector control efforts have not stopped its rapid emergence and global spread 3 . The contemporary worldwide distribution of the risk of dengue virus infection 4 and its public health burden are poorly known 2,5 . Here we undertake an exhaustive assembly of known records of dengue occurrence worldwide, and use a formal modelling framework to map the global distribution of dengue risk. We then pair the resulting risk map with detailed longitudinal information from dengue cohort studies and population surfaces to infer the public health burden of dengue in 2010. We predict dengue to be ubiquitous throughout the tropics, with local spatial variations in risk influenced strongly by rainfall, temperature and the degree of urbanisation. Using cartographic approaches, we estimate there to be 390 million (95 percent credible interval 284-528) dengue infections per year, of which 96 million (67-136) manifest apparently (any level of clinical or sub-clinical severity). This infection total is more than three times the dengue burden estimate of the World Health Organization 2 . Stratification of our estimates by country allows comparison with national dengue reporting, after taking into account the probability of an apparent infection being formally reported. The most notable differences are discussed. These new risk maps and infection estimates provide novel insights into the global, regional and national public health burden imposed by dengue. We anticipate that they will provide a starting point for a wider discussion about the global impact of this disease and will help guide improvements in disease control strategies using vaccine, drug and vector control methods and in their economic evaluation. [285]
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              Origins of dengue type 2 viruses associated with increased pathogenicity in the Americas.

              The recent emergence and spread of dengue hemorrhagic fever in the Americas have been a major source of concern. Efforts to control this disease are dependent on understanding the pathogenicity of dengue viruses and their transmission dynamics. Pathogenicity studies have been hampered by the lack of in vitro or in vivo models of severe dengue disease. Alternatively, molecular epidemiologic studies which associate certain dengue virus genetic types with severe dengue outbreaks may point to strains with increased pathogenicity. The comparison of nucleotide sequences (240 bp) from the E/NS1 gene region of the dengue virus genome has been shown to reflect evolutionary relationships and geographic origins of dengue virus strains. This approach was used to demonstrate an association between the introduction of two distinct genotypes of dengue type 2 virus and the appearance of dengue hemorrhagic fever in the Americas. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that these genotypes originated in Southeast Asia and that they displaced the native, American genotype in at least four countries. Vaccination and other control efforts should therefore be directed at decreasing the transmission of these "virulent" genotypes.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Trop Med Infect Dis
                Trop Med Infect Dis
                tropicalmed
                Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease
                MDPI
                2414-6366
                21 April 2021
                June 2021
                : 6
                : 2
                : 58
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh 2200, Bangladesh; titir.snigdha@ 123456gmail.com (S.R.T.); ahmed.salma51@ 123456yahoo.com (S.A.); nasreenm19@ 123456gmail.com (S.A.N.); nila1081@ 123456gmail.com (S.S.N.); dr.jkchaity1986@ 123456gmail.com (J.K.)
                [2 ]Netrokona Medical College, Netrokona 2400, Bangladesh; drshyamal10@ 123456yahoo.com
                [3 ]Sheikh Hasina Medical College and Hospital, Jamalpur 1900, Bangladesh; drnaziahaque@ 123456gmail.com
                [4 ]Department of Endocrinology, BIRDEM Academy, Dhaka 2302, Bangladesh; shoaib.mmc@ 123456gmail.com
                [5 ]Department of Microbiology, TMSS Medical College, Bogura 5800, Bangladesh; fahim111mmc@ 123456gmail.com
                [6 ]Department of Pathology, Khulna Medical College, Khulna 9100, Bangladesh; nneazrocky@ 123456gmail.com
                [7 ]Department of Microbiology, Gazi Medical College, Khulna 9000, Bangladesh; mayeenuddinamin@ 123456gmail.com
                [8 ]Department of Medicine, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh 2200, Bangladesh; dramdadukhan@ 123456gmail.com
                [9 ]Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; meijisoeaung@ 123456sapmed.ac.jp
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: nkobayas@ 123456sapmed.ac.jp ; Tel.: +81-11-611-2111
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8402-5349
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0146-6211
                Article
                tropicalmed-06-00058
                10.3390/tropicalmed6020058
                8167647
                33919249
                3b1c5c97-bd2f-4987-b789-91523ecf9902
                © 2021 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 24 February 2021
                : 19 April 2021
                Categories
                Communication

                dengue virus,type 3,genotype,igm,bangladesh
                dengue virus, type 3, genotype, igm, bangladesh

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