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      Enfermedad de Addison como presentación de un síndrome pluriglandular autoinmune tipo 2 Translated title: Addison’s disease as the mode of presentation of a type 2 pluriglandular syndrome

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          Abstract

          Los síndromes plurigandulares autoinmunes se definen por la coexistencia de al menos dos insuficiencias glandulares a consecuencia de una pérdida de la inmunotolerancia. Existen 4 tipos, siendo el tipo 2 el más frecuente. Es condición indispensable la presencia de insuficiencia suprarrenal primaria para hacer el diagnóstico de éste último, pudiendo muchas veces ésta preceder a las otras endocrinopatías que lo conforman: enfermedad tiroidea autoinmune y/o diabetes mellitus tipo 1. La insuficiencia suprarrenal primaria se caracteriza por la producción adrenal deficiente de cortisol, mineralocorticoides y andrógenos. Es una enfermedad poco frecuente que se presenta habitualmente en mujeres en edad media, siendo su etiología más prevalente la adrenalitis autoinmune. Se discute el caso de una paciente de 35 años que consulta por híperpigmentación de piel y episodios presincopales como presentación de una Enfermedad de Addison. La paciente presentó además amenorrea de 8 años de evolución y un bocio grado II lo cual nos llevó a plantear que era portadora de un sindrome plurigandular autoinmune tipo 2.

          Translated abstract

          Polyglandular autoimmune syndromes are defined by the coexistence of at least two glandular deficiencies resulting from the loss of immune tolerance. There are 4 types, being type 2 the most frequently seen. The presence of primary adrenal insufficiency is essential to make diagnosis of type 2 polyglandular autoimmune syndrome, and it may precede the other two endocrinopathies that compose it: autoimmune thyroid disease and/or diabetes mellitus type 1. Primary adrenal insufficiency is characterized by deficient production of adrenal cortisol, mineralocorticoids and androgens. It is a rare disease that usually occurs in middle-aged women being autoimmune adrenalitis its most prevalent etiology. In this article, we discuss the case of a 35 year old patient who complained of skin hyperpigmentation and presyncopal episodes as presentation of an Addison disease. The patient also presented amenorrhea of 8 years of evolution and a grade II goiter which led us to the diagnosis of a polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type 2

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          Premature ovarian failure and ovarian autoimmunity.

          Premature ovarian failure (POF) is defined as a syndrome characterized by menopause before the age of 40 yr. The patients suffer from anovulation and hypoestrogenism. Approximately 1% of women will experience menopause before the age of 40 yr. POF is a heterogeneous disorder with a multicausal pathogenesis involving chromosomal, genetic, enzymatic, infectious, and iatrogenic causes. There remains, however, a group of POF patients without a known etiology, the so-called "idiopathic" form. An autoimmune etiology is hypothesized for the POF cases with a concomitant Addison's disease and/or oöphoritis. It is concluded in this review that POF in association with adrenal autoimmunity and/or Addison's disease (2-10% of the idiopathic POF patients) is indeed an autoimmune disease. The following evidence warrants this view: 1) The presence of autoantibodies to steroid-producing cells in these patients; 2) The characterization of shared autoantigens between adrenal and ovarian steroid-producing cells; 3) The histological picture of the ovaries of such cases (lymphoplasmacellular infiltrate around steroid-producing cells); 4) The existence of various autoimmune animal models for this syndrome, which underlines the autoimmune nature of the disease. There is some circumstantial evidence for an autoimmune pathogenesis in idiopathic POF patients in the absence of adrenal autoimmunity or Addison's disease. Arguments in support of this are: 1) The presence of cellular immune abnormalities in this POF patient group reminiscent of endocrine autoimmune diseases such as IDDM, Graves' disease, and Addison's disease; 2) The more than normal association with IDDM and myasthenia gravis. Data on the presence of various ovarian autoantibodies and anti-receptor antibodies in these patients are, however, inconclusive and need further evaluation. A strong argument against an autoimmune pathogenesis of POF in these patients is the nearly absent histological confirmation (the presence of an oöphoritis) in these cases (< 3%). However, in animal models using ZP immunization, similar follicular depletion and fibrosis (as in the POF women) can be detected. Accepting the concept that POF is a heterogenous disorder in which some of the idiopathic forms are based on an abnormal self-recognition by the immune system will lead to new approaches in the treatment of infertility of these patients. There are already a few reports on a successful ovulation-inducing treatment of selected POF patients (those with other autoimmune phenomena) with immunomodulating therapies, such as high dosages of corticosteroids (288-292).
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            Two types of autoimmune Addison's disease associated with different polyglandular autoimmune (PGA) syndromes.

            A review of 295 patients with autoimmune Addison's disease which occurred as part of a polyglandular autoimmune syndrome is presented. Information of 41 cases was obtained from our clinics and from the examination of medical records, while 254 cases were culled from the literature. We report that autoimmune Addison's disease in association with other autoimmune diseases occurs in at least two distinct types. Addison's disease occurring in Type I polyglandular autoimmune disease (PGA) is associated with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and/or acquired hypoparathyroidism. The age of onset is predominately in childhood or in the early adult years. Type I PGA syndrome is also frequently associated with chronic active hepatitis, malabsorption, juvenile onset pernicious anemia, alopecia and primary hypogonadism. Insulin requiring diabetes and/or autoimmune thyroid disease are infrequent. In contrast, Addison's disease in Type II PGA is associated with insulin requiring diabetes and/or autoimmune thyroid disease(s). Although the age of onset of Addison's disease in Type II PGA syndrome is not confined to any age group or any specific sex, it occurs predominately in the middle years of life in females. The associated autoimmune diseases found in Type I disease, such as chronic active hepatitis, etc. (see table II) are rare in Type II PGA disease except for a low frequency of gonadal failure. We provide evidence to support the concept that the Addison's diseases in Type I and II PGA syndromes have different genetic bases, as related to HLA haplotypes, and possibly have different underlying pathogeneses.
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              Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome Type 2: the tip of an iceberg?

              Autoimmune polyglandular syndromes (APS) are conditions characterized by the association of two or more organ-specific disorders. Type 2 APS is defined by the occurrence of Addison's disease with thyroid autoimmune disease and/or Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Clinically overt disorders are considered only the tip of the autoimmune iceberg, since latent forms are much more frequent. Historical, clinical, genetic, and immunological aspects of Type 2 APS are reviewed. Furthermore, data on 146 personal cases of Type 2 APS are also reported.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ami
                Archivos de Medicina Interna
                Arch Med Int
                Prensa Medica Latinoamericana (Montevideo, , Uruguay )
                1688-423X
                December 2011
                : 33
                : 3
                : 65-69
                Affiliations
                [02] Montevideo orgnameUniversidad de la República (UdelaR) orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Clínica de Mèdica A
                [01] Montevideo orgnameUniversidad de la República (UdelaR) orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Clínica de Médica A
                Article
                S1688-423X2011000300003
                3b5f0f82-b276-49dc-aacf-1ce590b57137

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 28 June 2011
                : 17 August 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 18, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Uruguay


                Autoimmune polyglandular syndromes,: Síndrome pluriglandular autoinmune,insuficiencia suprarrenal primaria,enfermedad tiroidea autoinmune,diabetes mellitus tipo 2,primary adrenal insufficiency autoimmune thyroid diseases,type 1 diabetes mellitus

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