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      Seasonal Variation, Chemical Composition and Antioxidant activity of Brazilian Propolis Samples

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          Abstract

          Total phenolic contents, antioxidant activity and chemical composition of propolis samples from three localities of Minas Gerais state (southeast Brazil) were determined. Total phenolic contents were determined by the Folin–Ciocalteau method, antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH, using BHT as reference, and chemical composition was analyzed by GC/MS. Propolis from Itapecerica and Paula Cândido municipalities were found to have high phenolic contents and pronounced antioxidant activity. From these extracts, 40 substances were identified, among them were simple phenylpropanoids, prenylated phenylpropanoids, sesqui- and diterpenoids. Quantitatively, the main constituent of both samples was allyl-3-prenylcinnamic acid. A sample from Virginópolis municipality had no detectable phenolic substances and contained mainly triterpenoids, the main constituents being α- and β-amyrins. Methanolic extracts from Itapecerica and Paula Cândido exhibited pronounced scavenging activity towards DPPH, indistinguishable from BHT activity. However, extracts from Virginópolis sample exhibited no antioxidant activity. Total phenolic substances, GC/MS analyses and antioxidant activity of samples from Itapecerica collected monthly over a period of 1 year revealed considerable variation. No correlation was observed between antioxidant activity and either total phenolic contents or contents of artepillin C and other phenolic substances, as assayed by CG/MS analysis.

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          Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids.

          Chris Evans, Samuel Miller, G Paganga (1995)
          The recent explosion of interest in the bioactivity of the flavonoids of higher plants is due, at least in part, to the potential health benefits of these polyphenolic components of major dietary constituents. This review article discusses the biological properties of the flavonoids and focuses on the relationship between their antioxidant activity, as hydrogen donating free radical scavengers, and their chemical structures. This culminates in a proposed hierarchy of antioxidant activity in the aqueous phase. The cumulative findings concerning structure-antioxidant activity relationships in the lipophilic phase derive from studies on fatty acids, liposomes, and low-density lipoproteins; the factors underlying the influence of the different classes of polyphenols in enhancing their resistance to oxidation are discussed and support the contention that the partition coefficients of the flavonoids as well as their rates of reaction with the relevant radicals define the antioxidant activities in the lipophilic phase.
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            Screening of plant extracts for antioxidant activity: a comparative study on three testing methods.

            Irina I Koleva, Teris A. van Beek, Jozef P H Linssen … (2002)
            Three methods widely employed in the evaluation of antioxidant activity, namely 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method, static headspace gas chromatography (HS-GC) and beta-carotene bleaching test (BCBT), have been compared with regard to their application in the screening of plant extracts. The strengths and limitations of each method have been illustrated by testing a number of extracts, of differing polarity, from plants of the genus Sideritis, and two known antioxidants (butylated hydroxytoluene and rosmarinic acid). The sample polarity was important for the exhibited activity in the BCBT and HS-GC methods but not for the DPPH method. The complex composition of the extracts and partition phenomena affected their activity in each assay. The value of the BCBT method appears to be limited to less polar samples. Although slow, the HS-GC method is preferable for assessing the antioxidant inhibitory properties on the formation of unwanted secondary volatile products. Being rapid, simple and independent of sample polarity, the DPPH method is very convenient for the quick screening of many samples for radical scavenging activity.
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              Structure-radical scavenging activity relationships of phenolic compounds from traditional Chinese medicinal plants.

              Qiong Luo, Jie Xing, Yi Cai … (2006)
              Traditional Chinese medicinal plants associated with anticancer contain a wide variety of natural phenolic compounds with various structural features and possessing widely differing antioxidant activity. The structure-radical scavenging activity relationships of a large number of representative phenolic compounds (e.g., flavanols, flavonols, chalcones, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, tannins, stilbenes, curcuminoids, phenolic acids, coumarins, lignans, and quinones) identified in the traditional Chinese medicinal plants were evaluated using the improved ABTS*+ and DPPH methods. Different categories of tested phenolics showed significant mean differences in radical scavenging activity. Tannins demonstrated the strongest activity, while most quinones, isoflavones, and lignans tested showed the weakest activity. This study confirmed that the number and position of hydroxyl groups and the related glycosylation and other substitutions largely determined radical scavenging activity of the tested phenolic compounds. The differences in radical scavenging activity were attributed to structural differences in hydroxylation, glycosylation and methoxylation. The ortho-dihydroxy groups were the most important structural feature of high activity for all tested phenolic compounds. Other structural features played a modified role in enhancing or reducing the activity. Within each class of phenolic compounds, the structure-activity relationship was elucidated and discussed. This study reveals the structure-activity relationships of a large series of representative natural phenolic compounds more systematically and fully than previous work. Structure-radical scavenging activity relationships of some natural phenolics identified in the medicinal plants were evaluated for the first time.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ecam
                Journal ID (hwp): ecam
                Title: Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM
                Publisher: Oxford University Press
                ISSN (Print): 1741-427X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1741-4288
                Publication date (Print): September 2010
                Publication date (Electronic): 31 January 2008
                Publication date PMC-release: 31 January 2008
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 307-315
                Affiliations
                1Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios – Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento/SP, Caixa Postal – 07. 12.400-970, Pindamonhangaba, SP, 2Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Biologia Animal, 36.571-000, Viçosa, MG, 3Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Psicobiologia, Rua Botucatu, 862, Edifício Biomédicas, 1 º andar, CEP – 04023-062, São Paulo, SP, 4Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, C. Postal. 11461, 05.422-970, São Paulo, SP and 5Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, 36.571 -000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
                Author notes
                For reprints and all correspondence: Antonio Salatino, University of São Paulo, Institute of Biosciences, Department of Botany, C. Postal 11461, 05422-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Tel: +55-11-3091-7532; Fax: +55-11-3091-7416; E-mail: asalatin@ 123456ib.usp.br
                Article
                Publisher ID: nem177
                DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nem177
                PMC ID: 2887324
                PubMed ID: 18955317
                SO-VID: 3b88292b-22fc-43a4-8a01-e92f27d96c1a
                Copyright © © 2008 The Author(s).
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 26 June 2007
                Date accepted : 27 November 2007
                Categories
                Subject: Original Articles - Basic Science

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Complementary & Alternative medicine
                Keywords: baccharis dracunculifolia,antioxidant activity,apis mellifera,seasonality,propolis,dpph
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Complementary & Alternative medicine
                Keywords: baccharis dracunculifolia, antioxidant activity, apis mellifera, seasonality, propolis, dpph

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