6
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
2 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Editorial: Needs and potential application of One Health approach in the control of vector-borne and zoonotic infectious disease

      editorial

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          In view of the unbridled outbreaks and increasing prevalence of zoonotic diseases and other infectious diseases, the global health community advocates adopting the “One Health” approach to prevent and cope with these challenges (Jones et al., 2008; Keusch et al., 2022). Some countries have adopted relevant strategies in the campaign against zoonotic diseases and achieved some initial success (Bird and Mazet, 2018; Acharya et al., 2020). For example, from 2013 to 2019, Tamil Nadu in India established a “One Health” committee to address the challenge of dog and human rabies. Finally, the intervention measures developed by the committee reduced the human rabies mortality rate economically and effectively (Fitzpatrick et al., 2016; Gibson et al., 2022). Also, integrated measures against echinococcosis based on the concept of One Health were deployed in Shiqu County, Sichuan Province, China, which significantly reduced the prevalence of echinococcosis after long-term monitoring (Tiaoying et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2021). In addition, since 2009, Switzerland, New Zealand, and other countries have built campylobacteriosis surveillance and management systems by implementing the “One Health” strategy, and the campylobacteriosis epidemic has been effectively contained (Babo Martins et al., 2017; Schiaffino et al., 2019). All the evidence showed that the application of the “One Health” strategy in controlling infectious diseases and zoonoses has achieved good results and led to substantially more significant socio-economic benefits worldwide (Ajuwon et al., 2021). Therefore, this topic discussed the needs and potential application of the One Health approach in practice, program, and policy of vector-borne and zoonotic infectious diseases. Zoonotic and vector-borne diseases contribute significantly to the global burden of diseases. For instance, malaria, the most important vector-borne disease, affects millions of people and contributes significantly to the disadvantage of public health and socioeconomic development. In this Research Topic, Kassegne et al. characterized different species of plasmodium parasites (Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malaria), which were not previously reported, in high-transmission areas of southern Togo of tropical Africa. The molecular survey of malaria infections in the area helped reveal the natural malaria's epidemiological status. It provided helpful information to improve disease control/surveillance strategies and policies in such areas of endemic malaria. Besides, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne viral zoonosis causing severe disease in humans and ruminants. Although the disease is classified as a priority disease by the World Health Organization, licensed vaccines are presently unavailable or contraindicated. Zhang et al. constructed a bacterium-like particle vaccine (BLP), RVFV-BLPs. They also determined that mice immunized with RVFV-BLPs produced both humoral and cellular immunity. RVFV-BLPs represent a novel and promising vaccine candidate for the prevention of RVF infection in both humans and veterinary animals. The described RVFV-BLPs were also found to have the advantage of large-scale use and relatively low cost. In addition, the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is one of the most important emerging pathogens, which causes not only fatal neurological disease in humans but also causes reproductive failure in pigs. By comparing pathogenicity between Japanese encephalitis virus strains (SA14 and BJB), Xing et al. found that the SL-IV and DB1 regions of 3′UTR were essential for JEV replication, neural invasiveness, and viral pathogenicity. They confirmed that some mutations at sites 248, 254, 258, and 307 in the 3′UTR of JEV play a vital role in the viral life cycle. This study offered a new perspective for designing and formulating a candidate vaccine. Increasing environmental change, global migration, acts of bioterrorism, and human social behavior change may increase the risk of pathogen spill over, such as from wildlife reservoirs to humans, from abundant domestic reservoir hosts to the susceptible animal populations, and from living organisms to the environment and vice versa. More comprehensive prevention and control strategies and meaningful risk management tools are essential to reduce disease spillovers and prevent disease emergence. Olaya-Galán et al. evaluated a zoonotic infection of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in human beings by gathering experimental evidence about the susceptibility of human cell lines to BLV infection. Several human cell lines (iSLK and MCF7) produced a stable infection throughout the 3 months, supporting the hypothesis of a natural transmission from cattle to humans. This study provided in vitro experimental evidence of BLV as an exogenous etiological agent of human breast cancer. Previous research has reported non-human primates (NHPs) as reservoirs for human intestinal protozoa infection. Li J. et al. investigated the prevalence of pathogenic intestinal protozoan infections in macaques and humans and conducted a risk evaluation of interspecies transmission among laboratory macaques, animal facility workers, and nearby villagers from One Health Perspective. They found that the facility workers had direct contact with macaques and had a significantly higher intestinal protozoa infection rate. Furthermore, some shared haplotypes confirmed the presence of zoonotic subtypes in NHPs and humans. These results warrant the utility of One Health frameworks to characterize infection risk and to offer relevant and comprehensive control strategies in the future. Microbiological hazards form a major source of food-borne diseases in humans. Solís et al. reported that pet food, especially new feeding practices, such as raw meat-based diets, can be a potential source of microbiological hazards that might affect companion animals and owners. Therefore, microbiological hazards of foodborne pathogens in raw and extruded canine diets may facilitate the causative agent spillover by transmission from a reservoir population, which implies a significant concern for humans and pets. Emerging infectious diseases (EID) have rapidly increased in recent years and expanded in geographic range. Many EIDs (~60%) are zoonotic, including HIV-AIDS, Ebola and SARS, and COVID-19. Yeo et al. investigated the prevalence of emerging or re-emerging human enteric viruses in porcine stools and swabs in the Republic of Korea. The study demonstrated that human enteric viruses detected in pigs and some porcine enteric viruses are genetically related to human enteric viruses, indicating the zoonotic potential of porcine enteric viruses as potential EIDs. Generally, influenza A viruses (IAVs) infections are refractory to mammals because of species barriers. On rare occasions, however, IAVs can break the species barrier and spill over to mammalian species. Except for a small number of viruses known to infect animals, including swine, bats, and humans, the emergence of H3N2 canine influenza viruses (CIVs) provides a new perspective for interspecies transmission of the virus. Given this, Li X. et al. screened for amino acid transitions involved in adapting IAVs to canine and other mammalian hosts. They found that the H3N2 influenza virus has host-adaptive signatures in canines and can establish persistent transmission in lower mammals. All these studies highlight the necessity of identifying and monitoring the emerging pathogen spillover effects by enhanced surveillance and further studies to ensure an integrated “One Health” approach that aims to balance and optimize the health of humans, animals, and ecosystems. Timely and sensitive detection is particularly important for the detection of potential pathogens. Molecular methods offer improved sensitivity for detecting pathogens through a diverse context. Herein, Yao et al. developed a cost-effective, multi pathogen and high-throughput method for simultaneously detecting the Ebola virus and 16 other pathogens associated with hemorrhagic fever. The simultaneous detection assay would provide a reliable and sensitive diagnostic method and aid the surveillance and epidemiological study of the Ebola Virus. One Health approach has immense potential to improve human, animal, and environmental health and combat future global health crises by creating collaborative processes connecting expertise. As a paradigm, One Health needs to involve a broad transdisciplinary effort working locally, nationally, and globally. The strategy are being discussed in our Research Topic by Tucker et al. and Yasmeen et al. Through analysis and comparison between African Swine Fever (ASF) and subsequently emerged COVID-19 pandemic, Tucker et al. pointed out that both pandemics highlight the difficulties in adequately preparing for and containing an outbreak in the face of complicated social and political factors. There are temporal and thematic links, such as similar patterns in these two threats and factors associated with ASF that compounded the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, two pandemics likely had asymmetric effects on each other, many of which are difficult to quantify. These two pandemics underscore the need to use a One Health framework to overcome threats from surrounding transmission to and from wildlife, exacerbating food insecurity and bottlenecks in disease surveillance capacity. Yasmeen et al. indicated that the concept is not widely accepted in impoverished areas where zoonotic diseases often occur due to close contact with domestic or wild animals. They raised a Pakistan perspective on how to use the One Health paradigm to confront zoonotic health threats. Firstly, the study provided an overview of Pakistan's most common zoonotic diseases. Subsequently, they listed several potential factors necessary to overcome zoonotic disease prevalence, including disease outbreak surveillance, infectious waste management, disposal of hazardous materials, food safety, vector control, and health education. Finally, the authors emphasized the collaboration of governmental agencies between and with the private sector and NGOs to adopt innovative and practical practices to deal with zoonotic diseases in Pakistan. There are some specific strategies to assist the implementation of the One Health strategy. Potential drug strategies to target vital organelles in eukaryotic cells have been identified as potential resources for novel drug design and therapy. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and its application as the target for drug design were summarized in reviews by Peng et al. The review clarified the role of ER stress pathways and related molecules in parasites for their survival and development, the parasitic infection-induced pathological damage in hosts and the drug resistance of parasite, which provides potential drug design targets to inhibit the development of parasites and effective treatment approaches for anti-parasite drugs. The increasing microbial drug resistance has been the most extensive public health in recent years. Biofilms are complex microbial microcolonies of planktonic and dormant bacteria bound to a surface. Biofilm formation increases the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics and helps bacteria escape from host immune attack, which leads to clinical persistent chronic infection and other problems. Chang et al. demonstrated the advantages and challenges of bacteriophage therapy on biofilm removal, as well as the potential usage of combination therapy and genetically modified phages in a nosocomial setting, especially on artificial joint restorations and catheters. Within the One Health framework, it is crucial to combine multimodal strategies and channels to offer more access to health between humans, animals, and the environment. In conclusion, our Research Topic focuses on the epidemiological status of primary vector-borne and zoonotic infectious diseases, the risk of pathogen spillover, novel pathogens detection system and vaccine design, concerns on One Health paradigm and application, and has generated meaningful collection in the field. Taken together, the Research Topic highlighted an urgent need to re-examine existing knowledge in the One Health approach to expand our understanding toward unraveling the underlying interplay of humans, animals, and the environment. Author contributions XF contributed to the original idea and conceived the paper. XF and XZ wrote the initial draft of the paper. XF, SW, GC, XG, and XZ reviewed the final version. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. Funding This work was supported in part by grants from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2021M692107) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81802039). Conflict of interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Publisher's note All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

          Related collections

          Most cited references11

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Global trends in emerging infectious diseases

          The next new disease Emerging infectious diseases are a major threat to health: AIDS, SARS, drug-resistant bacteria and Ebola virus are among the more recent examples. By identifying emerging disease 'hotspots', the thinking goes, it should be possible to spot health risks at an early stage and prepare containment strategies. An analysis of over 300 examples of disease emerging between 1940 and 2004 suggests that these hotspots can be accurately mapped based on socio-economic, environmental and ecological factors. The data show that the surveillance effort, and much current research spending, is concentrated in developed economies, yet the risk maps point to developing countries as the more likely source of new diseases. Supplementary information The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/nature06536) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: found
            Is Open Access

            Echinococcosis in Tibetan Populations, Western Sichuan Province, China

            Human cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by infection with the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, and alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by infection with the larval stage of E. multilocularis, are 2 of the most pathogenic zoonotic parasitic helminthic infections of humans in the Northern Hemisphere ( 1 ). Human CE occurs worldwide in association with herding, within which the main dog-sheep cycle for E. granulosus is transmitted ( 1 ). Human AE is a much rarer parasitic infection; transmission occurs in several regions of the Northern Hemisphere, including the United States, Europe, Central Asia, Siberia, Japan, and China ( 2 ). In China, echinococcosis occurs mainly in western regions and provinces, including Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province, Gansu Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and Sichuan Province ( 3 ). A previous pilot survey showed that human echinococcosis was prevalent in western Sichuan Province, situated on the eastern Tibetan Plateau, and that both human CE and AE were present. The average prevalence was 4.0%; CE accounted for 2.1% and AE 1.9% ( 4 ). Shiqu County (longitude 97°20´00´´–99°15´28´´E and latitude 32°19´28´´–34°20´40´´N) is located in the northwest corner of Ganzi Prefecture in Sichuan Province (average altitude 4,200 m). The county covers 25,141 km2, located on the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau. Grassland covers 83.5% of this treeless area, where the weather is cold (annual average temperature –1.6°C). Ethnic Tibetans comprise 98% of the total population; they are primarily involved with livestock production and herding. The total number of livestock is >630,000. In addition, a large number of dogs, including owned dogs and strays, exist in the area ( 5 ). We conducted a village-based community epidemiologic study of human echinococcosis from 2000 to 2002 in Shiqu County, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Region, Sichuan Province, to further understand the epidemiology of human AE in this region. Materials and Methods The screening program was undertaken from 2000 to 2002; 26 villages in 5 townships in Shiqu County, were included (Figure 1). A total of 3,199 volunteers were self-selected after the purpose of the study was explained to the communities by local village leaders; volunteers were assured free diagnosis and chemotherapeutic treatment for echinococcosis, if indicated. Study participants ranged in age from 1 to 86 years (median 32 years). Fifty-two percent (1,660) were female patients, and 48% (1,539) were male patients. Persons of Tibetan ethnicity comprised 95% of the sampled population. The other participants listed their ethnicity as Han (4.5%), Hui (0.2%), or other (0.3%). Almost half of the participants (52.9%) raised livestock, including yaks, sheep, or goats, as the primary source of their income. Other listed occupations included student (19.1%), public servant (9.8%), preschooler (3.2%), illiterate child (2.0%), semifarmer (2.5%), farmer (1.1%), employee (2.2%), or other (7.3%). Figure 1 Study area in Sichuan Province, China. Questionnaire For each registered participant, a questionnaire designed to obtain information on demographics and animal ownership was completed. Questions mainly concerned occupation, education level, dog ownership and number, frequency of dog contact, fox hunting, drinking water source, and hygienic practices. Screening and Diagnostic Criteria for Echinococcosis All participants were examined by abdominal ultrasound; those with space-occupying lesions in the liver were asked to give venous blood samples to detect Echinococcus antibody by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblot with E. granulosus hydatid cyst fluid as antigen ( 6 – 8 ), as well as specific antibodies against E. multilocularis using ELISA and immunoblot with recombinant Em18 antigen ( 9 , 10 ). Diagnosis of human echinococcosis is mainly dependent on pathognomonic ultrasound images complemented by serum antibody confirmation of suspect CE/AE images ( 6 , 11 ). Investigators used the criteria for classification proposed by the World Health Organization Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis for CE ( 11 ), and the PNM system for classification of human AE, in which P stands for hepatic location of the parasite, N refers to extrahepatic involvement of neighboring organs, and M stands for absence or presence of distant metastases ( 12 ). CE Cases were defined as follows: 1) presence of characteristic cystlike images detected on abdominal ultrasound and a positive ELISA result with hydatid cyst fluid antigen; 2) presence of pathognomonic cyst images detected on abdominal ultrasound, but negative by ELISA (Figure 2). In addition, CE cases, on the basis of the conformational features of cysts, were differentiated into 6 types (CL, CE1, CE2, CE3, CE4, and CE5 ) and subdifferentiated by size into 3 subtypes (small [s], medium [m], and large [l]) within each type. A case of AE was defined as follows: 1) presence of pathognomonic progressive AE type lesion detected on abdominal ultrasound, regardless of serologic results; 2) presence of calcified lesions, 1–3 cm in diameter, or nodular hyperechoic lesions detected on abdominal ultrasound and seropositive against recombinant Em18; and 3) presence of a calcified lesion (1–3 cm in diameter) detected by abdominal ultrasound and negative for antibodies to the recombinant Em18 antigen but positive by ELISA, with hydatid cyst fluid (Figure 3). Figure 2 Lesions of cystic echinococcosis (CE) by abdominal ultrasound examination. A) CE lesion with distinct rim. B) Typical CE lesion with daughter cysts. C) Calcified CE lesion after chemotherapy. Figure 3 Lesions of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) by abdominal ultrasound examination. A) Calcified lesion: hyperechoic structure with a typical posterior shadow. B) Nodular hyperechoic lesion. C) Typical AE lesion: nonhomogeneous hyperechoic partially calcified area, without central necrosis. D) Typical AE lesion with central necrosis. Statistical Analysis All analyses were performed by using EpiInfo version 5.01a (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA). Statistical significance was set at p 10 cm in diameter and invaded or surrounded vascular structures, biliary structures, or both. In the other 26 persons, the lesions were nodular, were 3–5 cm in diameter at the longest dimension, and had calcifications. Calcified lesions, 1–3 cm in diameter, were observed in 20 persons. Thus, 163 persons were confirmed by ultrasound scanning to have AE infection, and 46 were suspected of having AE. Confirmatory serodiagnostic tests were performed in Japan and China, respectively. Serodiagnosis with the EgCF antigen in ELISA was positive in 93 of 94 persons with typical images of AE, 24 of 25 persons with nodular lesions, and 11 of 20 persons with calcified lesions. Additional serologic testing with the rEm18 antigen in ELISA and immunoblot was positive in 101 of 102 persons with typical images of AE, 16 of 25 with nodular lesions, and 8 of 14 with calcified lesions (Table 1). Therefore, positive confirmative serology in 35 study participants with a suspect AE image of a nodular lesion or calcified lesion indicated infection with AE. Another patient with a suspect AE image of a nodular lesion in the liver refused to give venous blood, so confirmative serologic tests could not be performed on him, and this case was not counted in the AE category. Thus, of 46 study participants with a suspect AE image, 35 were finally diagnosed as having AE. A total of 198 (6.2%) of 3,199 persons studied were determined to be infected with AE on the basis of abdominal ultrasound images and confirmatory serologic results; 15 (38.5%) of 39 infected persons had inactive, or abortive AE lesions. Ninety-five single AE lesions were located in the right hepatic lobe, and 31 were in the left hepatic lobe. Involvement of both right and left hepatic lobes by a single lesion was observed in 17 patients. In 55 cases, >2 distinct foci were observed. Table 1 Serologic results for screened study participants with a suspected lesion of alveolar (AE) or cystic (CE) echinococcosis at ultrasound examination* Ultrasound image No. cases Serology with rEm18 Serology with EgCF† No. tested sera No. positive sera No. tested sera No. positive sera Typical image of AE‡ 163 102 101 94 93 Image of suspected AE Nodular lesion 26 25 16 25 24 Calcified lesion 20 14 8 20 11 Image of CE CL 10 9 0 8 5 CE1 75 42 4 60 55 CE2 54 25 3 38 38 CE3 23 18 3 16 16 CE4 48 26 2 34 26 CE5 6 3 0 5 5 Total 425 264 137 300 273 *27.5% of study population refused to provide blood samples for serology. The data only include those study participants with a suspected lesion of AE or CE; other abnormal findings observed at hepatic ultrasound examination, such as hemangioma, biliary cyst, and gallstone, are not presented. †EgCF, Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cyst fluid. ‡Typical image of AE is a nonhomogeneous, hyperechoic structure with or without a central necrotic cavity. In addition, an ultrasound image of CE in the liver was detected in 216 (6.8%) of 3,199 study participants examined. In 10 cases, ultrasound images showed unilocular, cystic lesions with uniform anechoic content, without visible cyst wall, all 10 cm) were observed in 75 patients; they were determined to be Type CE1(7 CE1s, 42 CE1m, 26 CE1l); In 54 patients, images exhibited multivesicular or multiseptate cysts with a wheel-like appearance; others displayed unilocular cysts with daughter cysts with a honeycomb appearance. Eight of these images were 10 cm; all of these images belonged to type CE2 (8 CE2s, 16 CE2m, 30 CE2l). In 23 cases, images were characterized by anechoic content with detachment of laminated membrane from the cyst wall, visible as a water-lily design; some had a unilocular cyst containing daughter cysts, but the whole cyst form was less rounded. Five of these cysts were 10 cm; all were confirmed to be type CE3 (5 CE3s, 13 CE3m, 5 CE3l). In 48 cases, cysts had hyperechoic degenerative contents without daughter cysts. Seventeen of these cysts were 10 cm; these images belonged to type CE4 (17 CE4s, 19 CE4m, 12 CE4). Cysts characterized by thick, calcified walls in an arch-shaped form with a cone-shaped shadow, were observed in 6 cases; 3 had images 1 cystic lesions were identified in the abdominal cavity in addition to the liver cysts. In 5 cases, additional cysts were found in the spleen; in 3 cases, additional cysts were found in the pelvic cavity; and in l case, a cyst was also found in the kidney. Serologic results in these study participants with CE at ultrasound examination are shown in Table 1. Serodiagnosis using the EgCF antigen in ELISA was negative in 16 of 161 persons with CE; 12 of 123 persons with CE were seropositive with rEm18 by ELISA and immunoblot (Table 1). No mixed infections were observed. Distribution by Sex and Age Of 414 persons with evidence of abdominal echinococcosis, 244 (CE = 134, AE = 110) were female patients, and 170 (CE = 82, AE = 88) were male. Thus, the prevalence of echinococcosis in female patients was 14.7% (244/1,660), and 11.0% (170/1,539) in male patients. Thus, prevalence in female patients was significantly higher than in males (χ2 = 9.46, p 50 to 10 to 20 to 4 177 19 (10.7) 14 (7.9) 33 (19.2) Total 2,811 207 (7.4) 193 (6.9) 400 (14.2) *CE, cystic echinococcosis; AE, alveolar echinococcosis. To a certain extent, education can determine occupation choice and lifestyle. Our results implied that prevalence of echinococcosis had some relationship with the level of education. Among herdsmen, 1,469 (86.8%) of 1,692 were illiterate; the prevalence in this subgroup reached 20.0% (293/1,469), the highest rate in the sampled population. The prevalence in self-identified literate herdsmen was 13.0% (29/223). Among illiterate adolescents, 14.3% were infected. Persons with only primary school education had a 6.0% (53/882) combined infection prevalence, and those with middle school education 9.1% (29/318). Persons with university education had an infection rate of 6.3% (17/268), and preschool children had an echinococcosis infection prevalence of 2.9% (3/105). Fox hunting was also a risk factor. A total of 2,841 of 3,199 persons examined replied to the question about fox hunting. Results showed that the total prevalence of echinococcosis in populations who said that they neither hunted foxes nor kept fox skin products was 7.6% (29/384) (AE = 3.4%, CE = 4.2%), compared to a prevalence of 15.2% (368/2,427) (CE = 7.8% and AE = 7.4%) for persons who said they kept fox skin products that they had purchased, and 10% (3/30) (CE = 3 and AE = 0) in persons who said they kept fox skin products that they obtained by hunting. Discussion In this mass screening study of Tibetan communities, portable ultrasound examination combined with specific serologic tests was used for the diagnosis of both CE and AE. Survey results indicated that human echinococcosis is a serious public health problem for the inhabitants of this area, for whom a 12.9% overall prevalence was recorded. In comparison with reports on human echinococcosis in other areas, including other areas of China, the prevalence in northwest Sichuan Province was much higher for both CE and AE ( 1 , 3 , 12 , 13 ). The prevalence of CE was higher than in other recognized echinococcosis-endemic areas of the world, including North Africa, South America, Russia, and the Middle East (1,12,14,15). Previous ultrasound-based surveys for human AE have shown regional prevalences of 50- to 60-year age group. The presence of CE or AE in persons as young as 4 and 8 years, respectively, indicates recent active transmission. In general, CE or AE infection increased with age. However, among persons >60 years of age prevalence of both AE and CE declined, a situation consistent with previous reports ( 4 , 15 , 18 ); this finding may be associated with early death of persons infected with forms of echinococcosis, particularly with AE. A recent analysis of the relative health impact of echinococcosis in these Tibetan communities showed that CE and AE caused an average of 0.8 disability-adjusted life years lost per person ( 19 ), which is an exceptional value. This analysis showed that AE infection varied from 0% to 14.3% by village and that CE village prevalence ranged from 0% to 12.1%. A trend of gradual decrease in AE in villages from north to south (9.4% vs. 0.9% in the 5 townships surveyed) was observed. Several factors may contribute to the high prevalence of human AE in this Tibetan population. High densities of small mammals are essential to maintaining the transmission cycle of E. multilocularis, and small mammal populations are also subject to ecologic changes, such as deforestation or pasture overgrazing ( 16 , 20 – 22 ). The involvement of dogs as well as foxes in transmission in eastern Tibet, together with lack of hygiene and probable contamination of the local peridomestic environment, seem to be additional major factors ( 23 , 24 ). For the 5 townships located in the central area of Shiqu County, the geographic conditions, apparent ecologic factors, life style, religion, livestock production, and dog ownership practices appear to be similar; however, human AE village prevalence was markedly variable. We had previously observed that local differences in small mammal abundance over time, possibly associated with overgrazing practices may contribute to variable township AE disease rates ( 22 ). This survey disclosed that 86.8% of herdsmen were illiterate; 20% of them had either CE or AE disease. Consequently, improving the knowledge and awareness of the disease among the traditional nomadic population is imperative in any future control or prevention studies. Analysis indicated that both CE and AE risk was related to dog ownership (p 3 dogs. Buddhist practice forbids killing any animal, including dogs, and this practice leads to large numbers of stray dogs, which mainly gather around temples or townships, where they are fed by monks and herdsmen. Dogs also are predators of small mammals on adjacent pastures; these dogs are usually fed by herdsman with offal (including liver and lungs) of sheep and yaks during slaughtering season. Necropsy of intestines of stray dogs in 1995 in this region showed a 29.5% prevalence for E. granulosus and 11.5% for E. multilocularis ( 27 , 28 ). A recent diagnostic purgation study of dogs in this area demonstrated E. multilocularis prevalence of 12% and an E. granulosus prevalence of 8% ( 29 ). Foxes are the main sylvatic hosts of E. multilocularis, and both the Tibetan fox (Vulpes ferrilata) and the red fox (V. vulpes) are common on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. A previous report showed a high prevalence of E. multilocularis in the Tibetan fox (59.1%) and red fox (57.1%) (28) in this area. Furthermore, Qiu et al. observed in 1995 the existence of E. strobilae in Tibetan foxes with morphologic characteristics distinct from E. multilocularis adults but considered it to be a variant of E. multilocularis. These specimens and new samples have been shown to be a new species of taeniid cestode belonging to the genus E. Rudolphi ( 30 ). However, whether the new species is involved in the transmission of a third form of human echinococcosis in this region has yet to be determined.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: found

              Detection of Emerging Zoonotic Pathogens: An Integrated One Health Approach

              The emergence of novel zoonotic pathogens is one of the greatest challenges to global health security. The advent of increasingly sophisticated diagnostics tools has revolutionized our capacity to detect and respond to these health threats more rapidly than ever before. Yet, no matter how sophisticated these tools become, the initial identification of emerging infectious diseases begins at the local community level. It is here that the initial human or animal case resides, and it is here that early pathogen detection would have maximum benefit. Unfortunately, many areas at highest risk of zoonotic disease emergence lack sufficient infrastructure capacity to support robust laboratory diagnostic systems. Multiple factors are essential for pathogen detection networks, including an understanding of the complex sociological and ecological factors influencing disease transmission risk, community engagement, surveillance along high-risk human-animal interfaces, and a skilled laboratory workforce. Here we discuss factors relevant to the emerging disease paradigm, recent technical advances in diagnostic methods, and strategies for comprehensive and sustainable approaches to rapid zoonotic disease detection.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Microbiol
                Front Microbiol
                Front. Microbiol.
                Frontiers in Microbiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-302X
                22 November 2022
                2022
                : 13
                : 1089174
                Affiliations
                [1] 1National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research) , Beijing, China
                [2] 2National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology , Beijing, China
                [3] 3World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases , Beijing, China
                [4] 4National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases , Beijing, China
                [5] 5School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, China
                [6] 6One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh , Shanghai, China
                [7] 7Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University , Hohhot, China
                [8] 8Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai, China
                [9] 9CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, China
                [10] 10Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University , Beijing, China
                Author notes

                Edited and reviewed by: Axel Cloeckaert, Institut National de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), France

                *Correspondence: Xiaonong Zhou zhouxn1@ 123456chinacdc.cn

                This article was submitted to Infectious Agents and Disease, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology

                Article
                10.3389/fmicb.2022.1089174
                9723443
                36483208
                3ba0c26e-0d60-454c-9edb-9bfcd7699f84
                Copyright © 2022 Feng, Wang, Cheng, Guo and Zhou.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 04 November 2022
                : 08 November 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 11, Pages: 4, Words: 2757
                Categories
                Microbiology
                Editorial

                Microbiology & Virology
                one health,global health,microbiology,vector-borne disease,zoonotic disease

                Comments

                Comment on this article