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      Small cell oesophageal carcinoma: an institutional experience and review of the literature

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          Abstract

          Primary small cell oesophageal carcinoma (SCOC) is rare, prognosis is poor and there is no established optimum treatment strategy. It shares many clinicopathologic features with small cell carcinoma of the lung; therefore, a similar staging and treatment strategy was adopted. Sixteen cases referred to Velindre hospital between 1998 and 2005 were identified. Patients received platinum-based combination chemotherapy if appropriate. Those with limited disease (LD) received radical radiotherapy (RT) to all sites of disease on completion of chemotherapy. Median survival of all patients was 13.2 months. Median survival of patients with LD was significantly longer than those with extensive disease (24.4 vs 9.1 months, P=0.034). This is one of the largest single institution series in the world literature. Combined modality therapy using platinum-based combination chemotherapy and radical RT may allow a nonsurgical approach to management, avoiding the morbidity of oesophagectomy. Prophylactic cranial irradiation is controversial, and should be discussed on an individual basis.

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          Most cited references19

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          Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission. Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation Overview Collaborative Group.

          Prophylactic cranial irradiation reduces the incidence of brain metastasis in patients with small-cell lung cancer. Whether this treatment, when given to patients in complete remission, improves survival is not known. We performed a meta-analysis to determine whether prophylactic cranial irradiation prolongs survival. We analyzed individual data on 987 patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission who took part in seven trials that compared prophylactic cranial irradiation with no prophylactic cranial irradiation. The main end point was survival. The relative risk of death in the treatment group as compared with the control group was 0.84 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.73 to 0.97; P= 0.01), which corresponds to a 5.4 percent increase in the rate of survival at three years (15.3 percent in the control group vs. 20.7 percent in the treatment group). Prophylactic cranial irradiation also increased the rate of disease-free survival (relative risk of recurrence or death, 0.75; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.65 to 0.86; P<0.001) and decreased the cumulative incidence of brain metastasis (relative risk, 0.46; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.38 to 0.57; P<0.001). Larger doses of radiation led to greater decreases in the risk of brain metastasis, according to an analysis of four total doses (8 Gy, 24 to 25 Gy, 30 Gy, and 36 to 40 Gy) (P for trend=0.02), but the effect on survival did not differ significantly according to the dose. We also identified a trend (P=0.01) toward a decrease in the risk of brain metastasis with earlier administration of cranial irradiation after the initiation of induction chemotherapy. Prophylactic cranial irradiation improves both overall survival and disease-free survival among patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission.
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            A meta-analysis of thoracic radiotherapy for small-cell lung cancer.

            In spite of 16 randomized trials conducted during the past 15 years, the effect of thoracic radiotherapy on the survival of patients with limited small-cell lung cancer remains controversial. The majority of these trials did not have enough statistical power to detect a difference in survival of 5 to 10 percent at five years. This meta-analysis was designed to evaluate the hypothesis that thoracic radiotherapy contributes to a moderate increase in overall survival in limited small-cell lung cancer. We collected individual data on all patients enrolled before December 1988 in randomized trials comparing chemotherapy alone with chemotherapy combined with thoracic radiotherapy. Trials that included only patients with extensive disease were excluded. The meta-analysis included 13 trials and 2140 patients with limited disease. A total of 433 patients with extensive disease were excluded. Overall, 1862 of 2103 patients who could be evaluated died; the median follow-up period for the surviving patients was 43 months. The relative risk of death in the combined-therapy group as compared with the chemotherapy group was 0.86 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.78 to 0.94; P = 0.001), corresponding to a 14 percent reduction in the mortality rate. The benefit in terms of overall survival at three years (+/- SD) was 5.4 +/- 1.4 percent. Indirect comparison of early with late radiotherapy and of sequential with non-sequential radiotherapy did not reveal any optimal time for treatment. There was a trend toward a larger reduction in mortality among younger patients: the relative risk of death in the combined-therapy as compared with the chemotherapy group ranged from 0.72 for patients less than 55 years old (95 percent confidence interval, 0.56 to 0.93) to 1.07 (0.70 to 1.64) for patients over 70. Thoracic radiotherapy moderately improves survival in patients with limited small-cell lung cancer who are treated with combination chemotherapy. Identification of the optimal combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy will require further trials.
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              Primary small cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a review of the literature with emphasis on therapy and prognosis.

              Few studies of patients with esophageal small cell carcinoma (SCC) have been conducted. Choice of treatment remains controversial. The authors analyzed data on 199 evaluable esophageal SCC patients, selected from among 230 patients found in the literature, and a data extraction form that recorded 11 features was completed. To allow for the evaluation of prognostic factors that influenced survival, the patients were grouped according to limited stage (LS), which was defined as disease confined to the esophagus, or extensive stage (ES), which was defined as disease that had spread beyond locoregional boundaries. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Treatment was categorized as either local or local with systemic; for the ES cases, the categories were defined as treatment versus no treatment. The tumor site was described in 178 cases (89%). Mean tumor size was 6.1. Pure SCC was found in 137 cases (68.8%), whereas 62 cases (31.2%) showed mixed SCC; 93 (46.7%) were LS, whereas 95 (47.7%) were ES. In 11 cases (5.5%), the stage was not determined. There was a significant difference in survival between patients with LS and those with ES (P 60 years, the median survival was 6 months), tumor size (for those with tumors 5 cm, the median survival was 4 months), and type of treatment (with local plus systemic treatment, the median survival was 20 months, whereas with local it was 5 months). In multivariate analysis, tumor size (P = 0.007) and type of treatment (P < 0.001) were shown to be independent predictive variables. Esophageal SCC is an aggressive type of tumor. This study shows that there are significant differences between LS and ES and that in LS, both tumor size and type of treatment are possible prognostic factors.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Br J Cancer
                British Journal of Cancer
                Nature Publishing Group
                0007-0920
                1532-1827
                13 February 2007
                06 March 2007
                12 March 2007
                : 96
                : 5
                : 708-711
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Velindre Hospital, Velindre Road Whitchurch, Cardiff, CF14 2TL, UK
                Author notes
                [* ]Author for correspondence: emma.hudson@ 123456velindre-tr.wales.nhs.uk
                Article
                6603611
                10.1038/sj.bjc.6603611
                2360086
                17299393
                3bab67d0-efff-4f9c-88ee-dd191213ff99
                Copyright 2007, Cancer Research UK
                History
                : 07 November 2006
                : 10 January 2007
                : 10 January 2007
                Categories
                Clinical Studies

                Oncology & Radiotherapy
                small cell,radiotherapy,chemotherapy,oesophagus
                Oncology & Radiotherapy
                small cell, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, oesophagus

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