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      Call for Papers: Green Renal Replacement Therapy: Caring for the Environment

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      Ultrasonic Tissue Characterization of the Carotid Artery in Chronic Renal Failure Patients

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          Abstract

          The ultrasonic reflectivity of the carotid wall, measured by means of integrated backscatter (IBS) analysis, has recently been evaluated in patients with atherosclerotic diseases and it was considered to be a prognostic marker. We performed B-mode measurement and IBS analysis of the carotid wall in 30 chronic renal failure (CRF) patients (serum creatinine 548 ± 230 µmol/l) on conservative treatment and free of clinical evidence of cardiovascular complications; 14 were normotensives (NT) and 16 were treated hypertensives (TH). Thirty sex- and age-matched healthy subjects served as controls. The IBS carotid index was significantly higher in CRF patients than in controls (31.7 ± 3.5 vs. 28.9 ± 2.3 dB; p < 0.001), and no difference was observed between TH and NT CRF patients. The IBS index was negatively correlated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol plasma levels (r = –0.46, p < 0.05), and within the group of TH CRF patients the IBS index was also negatively correlated with the body mass index and diastolic blood pressure. The carotid intima-media thickness was similar between uremic patients and controls. This study demonstrates an increment in carotid ultrasonic reflectivity in CRF patients, independent of the presence of overt atherosclerotic damage, and probably related to vascular remodelling linked to CRF. IBS analysis can be a useful tool to detect early changes in arterial wall structure. However, prospective studies should be planned to define its prognostic importance in uremic patients.

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          Chronic renal failure--a vasculopathic state.

          R K Luke (1998)
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            Alterations of Arterial Function in End-Stage Renal Disease

            Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Epidemiological and clinical studies have shown that this is most frequently related to damage of large conduit arteries. Macrovascular disease develops rapidly in uremic patients and is responsible for the high incidence of ischemic heart disease, sudden death, peripheral artery diseases, and congestive heart failure. The most frequent causes of these complications are occlusive lesions due to atherosclerosis. Nevertheless, atherosclerosis, a disease characterized by the presence of plaques, represents only one form of structural response to metabolic and hemodynamic alterations which interfere with the process of aging, i.e., arteriosclerosis, characterized by dilation/hypertrophy and stiffening of arteries. The vascular complications in ESRD are ascribed to two different but associated mechanisms, namely atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis. Whereas the former principally affects the conduit function with ischemic lesions being the most characteristic consequence, the latter primarily disturbs the cushioning function of large arteries. Arteriosclerosis in ESRD patients is characterized by diffuse dilation and hypertrophy of large conduit arteries and stiffening of arterial walls and represents a clinical form of accelerated aging process. The main clinical characteristics of arterial stiffening concern changes in blood pressure with isolated increase in systolic pressure and normal or lower diastolic pressure. The consequences of these alterations are: (1) an increased left ventricular afterload with development of left ventricular hypertrophy and increased myocardial oxygen demand and (2) altered coronary perfusion and subendocardial blood flow distribution. Epidemiological studies have identified arterial remodeling and stiffening as independent predictors of overall and cardiac mortality in ESRD patients.
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              Oxidant Stress in Hemodialysis

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                NEF
                Nephron
                10.1159/issn.1660-8151
                Nephron
                S. Karger AG
                1660-8151
                2235-3186
                2002
                June 2002
                03 June 2002
                : 91
                : 2
                : 270-275
                Affiliations
                Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
                Article
                58403 Nephron 2002;91:270–275
                10.1159/000058403
                12053064
                3bacbfec-6c8e-45ac-9f51-ffdc1b3664c5
                © 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 2, References: 23, Pages: 6
                Categories
                Original Paper

                Cardiovascular Medicine,Nephrology
                Carotid artery,Atherosclerosis,Chronic renal failure,Ultrasonics

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