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      Usual adult occupation and risk of prostate cancer in West African men: The Ghana Prostate Study

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          Abstract

          Objectives:

          Established prostate cancer (PCa) risk factors include age, family history of PCa, and African ancestry. Studies, mostly among highly-screened, predominantly European ancestral populations, suggest that employment in certain occupations (e.g., farming, military) may also have an increased risk for PCa. Here, we evaluated the association between usual adult occupation and PCa risk in Ghanaian men, a population with historically low rates of PCa screening.

          Methods:

          The Ghana Prostate Study is a case-control study of prostate cancer that was conducted from 2004–2012 in 749 cases and 964 controls. In-person interviews were conducted to collect information from participants, including longest held job. Industrial hygienists classified job titles into occupational categories. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between longest held job and PCa risk (overall, aggressive (Gleason ≥7)), controlling for potential confounders.

          Results:

          Risk was increased among men in management (overall PCa OR=2.2, 95% CI: 1.4, 3.2; aggressive PCa OR=2.2, 95%CI: 1.3, 3.5) and military occupations (overall PCa OR=3.4, 95%CI: 1.7, 7.0; aggressive PCa OR=3.5, 95%CI: 1.5, 8.3). Risks were also elevated for management and military specific jobs based on 3-digit level SOC definitions. Sensitivity analyses accounting for access to medical care did not show significant differences.

          Conclusions:

          Our study provides some evidence for increased risk of PCa among men in management and military occupations, which is consistent with the published literature. Additional research is needed to clarify the drivers of the associations between these occupations and PCa.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          9422759
          2553
          Occup Environ Med
          Occup Environ Med
          Occupational and environmental medicine
          1351-0711
          1470-7926
          1 December 2018
          07 December 2018
          February 2019
          01 February 2019
          : 76
          : 2
          : 71-77
          Affiliations
          [1 ]Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, U.S.
          [2 ]Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, U.S.
          [3 ]University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
          [4 ]Westat Rockville, MD, U.S.
          [5 ]Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, U.S.
          [6 ]Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, U.S.
          Author notes

          Contributorship

          All authors included on this paper fulfill the criteria of authorship. In addition, there is no one else who fulfills the criteria but has not been included as an author.

          Correspondence to: Stella Koutros, PhD MPH, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Room #6E616, MSC 9771, Bethesda, MD 20892, Tel:240-276-7165, Fax:240-276-7835, koutross@ 123456mail.nih.gov
          Article
          PMC6335162 PMC6335162 6335162 nihpa1514936
          10.1136/oemed-2018-105391
          6335162
          30530485
          3bdcc953-4534-4d49-a255-18052f6cd777
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