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      Assessment of Choroidal Vascularity and Choriocapillaris Blood Perfusion in Anisomyopic Adults by SS-OCT/OCTA

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          To explore the association of choroidal vascularity and choriocapillaris blood perfusion with myopic severity in anisomyopes.

          Methods

          Refractive error, axial length (AL), and other biometric parameters were measured in 34 anisomyopic young adults. Macular choroidal thickness (ChT) and choroidal vascularity, including total choroidal area (TCA), luminal area (LA), stromal area (SA), and choroidal vascularity index (CVI), were determined from swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) vertical and horizontal B-scans. The percentage of choriocapillaris flow voids (FV%) was obtained from en face SS-OCT-angiography.

          Results

          The spherical equivalent refraction (SER) was –3.35 ± 1.25 diopters in the more myopic eyes and –1.25 ± 1.17 diopters in the less myopic eyes ( P < 0.001). The interocular difference in SER was highly correlated with that in AL ( P < 0.001). The macular ChT, TCA, LA, and SA were smaller in the more myopic eyes than in the less myopic eyes in both vertical and horizontal scans (all P < 0.001). Importantly, the CVIs in vertical and horizontal scans were smaller and the FV% was greater in the more myopic eyes ( P < 0.05). In vertical scans, the interocular difference in CVIs was correlated with that in the SER, AL, and ChT (all P < 0.05). The interocular difference in FV% was correlated with that in SER, AL, and vertical and horizontal ChTs (all P < 0.05).

          Conclusions

          Choroidal vascularity and choriocapillaris blood perfusion were lower in the more myopic eyes of anisomyopic adults. These changes were correlated with the severity of myopia and choroidal thinning, indicating that choroidal blood flow is disturbed in human myopia.

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          3D Slicer as an image computing platform for the Quantitative Imaging Network.

          Andriy Y Fedorov, Reinhard Beichel, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer … (2012)
          Quantitative analysis has tremendous but mostly unrealized potential in healthcare to support objective and accurate interpretation of the clinical imaging. In 2008, the National Cancer Institute began building the Quantitative Imaging Network (QIN) initiative with the goal of advancing quantitative imaging in the context of personalized therapy and evaluation of treatment response. Computerized analysis is an important component contributing to reproducibility and efficiency of the quantitative imaging techniques. The success of quantitative imaging is contingent on robust analysis methods and software tools to bring these methods from bench to bedside. 3D Slicer is a free open-source software application for medical image computing. As a clinical research tool, 3D Slicer is similar to a radiology workstation that supports versatile visualizations but also provides advanced functionality such as automated segmentation and registration for a variety of application domains. Unlike a typical radiology workstation, 3D Slicer is free and is not tied to specific hardware. As a programming platform, 3D Slicer facilitates translation and evaluation of the new quantitative methods by allowing the biomedical researcher to focus on the implementation of the algorithm and providing abstractions for the common tasks of data communication, visualization and user interface development. Compared to other tools that provide aspects of this functionality, 3D Slicer is fully open source and can be readily extended and redistributed. In addition, 3D Slicer is designed to facilitate the development of new functionality in the form of 3D Slicer extensions. In this paper, we present an overview of 3D Slicer as a platform for prototyping, development and evaluation of image analysis tools for clinical research applications. To illustrate the utility of the platform in the scope of QIN, we discuss several use cases of 3D Slicer by the existing QIN teams, and we elaborate on the future directions that can further facilitate development and validation of imaging biomarkers using 3D Slicer. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050.

            Brien A. Holden, Timothy Fricke, David Wilson … (2016)
            Myopia is a common cause of vision loss, with uncorrected myopia the leading cause of distance vision impairment globally. Individual studies show variations in the prevalence of myopia and high myopia between regions and ethnic groups, and there continues to be uncertainty regarding increasing prevalence of myopia.
            Article 0 comments Cited 1283 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              The multifunctional choroid.

              Debora Nickla, Josh Wallman (2010)
              The choroid of the eye is primarily a vascular structure supplying the outer retina. It has several unusual features: It contains large membrane-lined lacunae, which, at least in birds, function as part of the lymphatic drainage of the eye and which can change their volume dramatically, thereby changing the thickness of the choroid as much as four-fold over a few days (much less in primates). It contains non-vascular smooth muscle cells, especially behind the fovea, the contraction of which may thin the choroid, thereby opposing the thickening caused by expansion of the lacunae. It has intrinsic choroidal neurons, also mostly behind the central retina, which may control these muscles and may modulate choroidal blood flow as well. These neurons receive sympathetic, parasympathetic and nitrergic innervation. The choroid has several functions: Its vasculature is the major supply for the outer retina; impairment of the flow of oxygen from choroid to retina may cause Age-Related Macular Degeneration. The choroidal blood flow, which is as great as in any other organ, may also cool and warm the retina. In addition to its vascular functions, the choroid contains secretory cells, probably involved in modulation of vascularization and in growth of the sclera. Finally, the dramatic changes in choroidal thickness move the retina forward and back, bringing the photoreceptors into the plane of focus, a function demonstrated by the thinning of the choroid that occurs when the focal plane is moved back by the wearing of negative lenses, and, conversely, by the thickening that occurs when positive lenses are worn. In addition to focusing the eye, more slowly than accommodation and more quickly than emmetropization, we argue that the choroidal thickness changes also are correlated with changes in the growth of the sclera, and hence of the eye. Because transient increases in choroidal thickness are followed by a prolonged decrease in synthesis of extracellular matrix molecules and a slowing of ocular elongation, and attempts to decouple the choroidal and scleral changes have largely failed, it seems that the thickening of the choroid may be mechanistically linked to the scleral synthesis of macromolecules, and thus may play an important role in the homeostatic control of eye growth, and, consequently, in the etiology of myopia and hyperopia. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
              Article 0 comments Cited 360 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci
                Journal ID (pmc): iovs
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IOVS
                Title: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
                Publisher: The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology
                ISSN (Print): 0146-0404
                ISSN (Electronic): 1552-5783
                Publication date (Electronic): 05 January 2021
                Publication date Collection: January 2021
                Volume: 62
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 8
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Eye Hospital and School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
                [2 ]State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
                [3 ]National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
                [4 ]Research Unit of Myopia Basic Research and Clinical Prevention and Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Jia Qu, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; jqu@ 123456wmu.edu.cn .
                Xiangtian Zhou, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 270 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China; zxt@ 123456mail.eye.ac.cn .
                Article
                Publisher ID: IOVS-20-31075
                DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.1.8
                PMC ID: 7797932
                PubMed ID: 33393974
                SO-VID: 3be6c56c-cf46-4fd3-9717-83fb24888c09
                Copyright © Copyright 2021 The Authors
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                Date accepted : 02 December 2020
                Date received : 04 August 2020
                Page count
                Pages: 10
                Categories
                Subject: Clinical and Epidemiologic Research
                Subject: Clinical and Epidemiologic Research

                Keywords: choroidal vasculature,choriocapillaris,anisomyopia,myopia,optical coherence tomography
                Data availability:
                Keywords: choroidal vasculature, choriocapillaris, anisomyopia, myopia, optical coherence tomography

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