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      Xenos peckii vision inspires an ultrathin digital camera

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          Abstract

          Increased demand for compact devices leads to rapid development of miniaturized digital cameras. However, conventional camera modules contain multiple lenses along the optical axis to compensate for optical aberrations that introduce technical challenges in reducing the total thickness of the camera module. Here, we report an ultrathin digital camera inspired by the vision principle of Xenos peckii, an endoparasite of paper wasps. The male Xenos peckii has an unusual visual system that exhibits distinct benefits for high resolution and high sensitivity, unlike the compound eyes found in most insects and some crustaceans. The biologically inspired camera features a sandwiched configuration of concave microprisms, microlenses, and pinhole arrays on a flat image sensor. The camera shows a field-of-view (FOV) of 68 degrees with a diameter of 3.4 mm and a total track length of 1.4 mm. The biologically inspired camera offers a new opportunity for developing ultrathin cameras in medical, industrial, and military fields.

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          Digital cameras with designs inspired by the arthropod eye.

          Young Song, Yizhu Xie, Viktor Malyarchuk … (2013)
          In arthropods, evolution has created a remarkably sophisticated class of imaging systems, with a wide-angle field of view, low aberrations, high acuity to motion and an infinite depth of field. A challenge in building digital cameras with the hemispherical, compound apposition layouts of arthropod eyes is that essential design requirements cannot be met with existing planar sensor technologies or conventional optics. Here we present materials, mechanics and integration schemes that afford scalable pathways to working, arthropod-inspired cameras with nearly full hemispherical shapes (about 160 degrees). Their surfaces are densely populated by imaging elements (artificial ommatidia), which are comparable in number (180) to those of the eyes of fire ants (Solenopsis fugax) and bark beetles (Hylastes nigrinus). The devices combine elastomeric compound optical elements with deformable arrays of thin silicon photodetectors into integrated sheets that can be elastically transformed from the planar geometries in which they are fabricated to hemispherical shapes for integration into apposition cameras. Our imaging results and quantitative ray-tracing-based simulations illustrate key features of operation. These general strategies seem to be applicable to other compound eye devices, such as those inspired by moths and lacewings (refracting superposition eyes), lobster and shrimp (reflecting superposition eyes), and houseflies (neural superposition eyes).
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            Biologically inspired artificial compound eyes.

            Seung Jeong, Jaeyoun Kim, Yuan-Chii Lee (2006)
            This work presents the fabrication of biologically inspired artificial compound eyes. The artificial ommatidium, like that of an insect's compound eyes, consists of a refractive polymer microlens, a light-guiding polymer cone, and a self-aligned waveguide to collect light with a small angular acceptance. The ommatidia are omnidirectionally arranged along a hemispherical polymer dome such that they provide a wide field of view similar to that of a natural compound eye. The spherical configuration of the microlenses is accomplished by reconfigurable microtemplating, that is, polymer replication using the deformed elastomer membrane with microlens patterns. The formation of polymer waveguides self-aligned with microlenses is also realized by a self-writing process in a photosensitive polymer resin. The angular acceptance is directly measured by three-dimensional optical sectioning with a confocal microscope, and the detailed optical characteristics are studied in comparison with a natural compound eye.
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              Miniature curved artificial compound eyes.

              Dario Floreano, Ramon Pericet-Camara, Stéphane Viollet … (2013)
              In most animal species, vision is mediated by compound eyes, which offer lower resolution than vertebrate single-lens eyes, but significantly larger fields of view with negligible distortion and spherical aberration, as well as high temporal resolution in a tiny package. Compound eyes are ideally suited for fast panoramic motion perception. Engineering a miniature artificial compound eye is challenging because it requires accurate alignment of photoreceptive and optical components on a curved surface. Here, we describe a unique design method for biomimetic compound eyes featuring a panoramic, undistorted field of view in a very thin package. The design consists of three planar layers of separately produced arrays, namely, a microlens array, a neuromorphic photodetector array, and a flexible printed circuit board that are stacked, cut, and curved to produce a mechanically flexible imager. Following this method, we have prototyped and characterized an artificial compound eye bearing a hemispherical field of view with embedded and programmable low-power signal processing, high temporal resolution, and local adaptation to illumination. The prototyped artificial compound eye possesses several characteristics similar to the eye of the fruit fly Drosophila and other arthropod species. This design method opens up additional vistas for a broad range of applications in which wide field motion detection is at a premium, such as collision-free navigation of terrestrial and aerospace vehicles, and for the experimental testing of insect vision theories.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Ki-Hun Jeong: kjeong@kaist.ac.kr
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Light Sci Appl
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Light Sci Appl
                Title: Light, Science & Applications
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                ISSN (Print): 2095-5545
                ISSN (Electronic): 2047-7538
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 October 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Volume: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: 80
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2292 0500, GRID grid.37172.30, Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), ; 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Korea
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2292 0500, GRID grid.37172.30, School of Computing, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), ; 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141 Korea
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2179 9593, GRID grid.24827.3b, Department of Biological Sciences, , University of Cincinnati, ; Cincinnati, OH 45221-0006 USA
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5078-4005
                Article
                Publisher ID: 81
                DOI: 10.1038/s41377-018-0081-2
                PMC ID: 6199290
                SO-VID: 3c041632-34be-4a26-8b41-cf21e8b00bf4
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2018
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 1 April 2018
                Date revision received : 1 September 2018
                Date accepted : 11 September 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Letter
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2018

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