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      Hypertonic volume therapy: feasibility in the prevention and treatment of multiple organ failure and sepsis

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          Abstract

          Small-volume resuscitation by means of bolus infusion of hypertonic saline solutions was first applied for the primary treatment of severe hemorrhagic and traumatic shock and promptly restored central hemodynamics and regional organ blood flow. Mechanisms of action are diverse - i. maintenance of high cardiac output (direct myocardial stimulation; increase in intravascular volume); ii. maintenance of peripheral arterial vasodilation (effect of hyperosmolality; plasma volume effect) and iii. reduction of tissue edema (shifting of tissue water along the osmotic gradient). These mechanisms promote the restoration of the severely impaired microcirculation frequently seen also in sepsis. Hypertonic volume therapy has been the object of several experimental studies of acute hyperdynamic endotoxemia, however, a greater number of clinical studies have to be developed for the better understanding of the positive, and perhaps hazardous, effects of small-volume resuscitation in sepsis and multiple organ failure. The aim of this paper is to review the concepts involving such solutions, and their potential use in treatment of profound hypovolemia and microcirculatory deterioration associated with sepsis and endotoxic shock.

          Translated abstract

          INTRODUÇÃO: As soluções salinas hipertônicas em pequeno volume, aplicadas em "bolo", empregaram-se originalmente no tratamento do choque hemorrágico e traumático grave, demonstrando a rápida restauração hemodinâmica e do fluxo sangüíneo orgânico regional. Os mecanismos de ação são diversos - 1. manutenção do débito cardíaco elevado (estímulo direto do miocárdio; aumento do volume intravascular); 2. manutenção da vasodilatação arterial periférica (efeito da hiperosmolaridade; aumento do volume plasmático); 3. redução do edema tecidual (fluxo de líquido do interstício decorrente do gradiente osmótico). Estes eventos promovem a recuperação da acentuada alteração na microcirculação, que freqüentemente são também observadas na sepse. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: O uso destas soluções tem sido objeto de vários estudos em modelos experimentais de endotoxemia hiperdinâmica aguda, entretanto, um maior número de estudos clínicos são necessários para melhor compreensão dos efeitos positivos, ou eventualmente deletérios, da utilização das soluções cristalóides hipertônicas em pequeno volume na terapêutica da sepse e falência de múltiplos orgãos. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o conceito do uso de soluções hipertônicas e o seu potencial no tratamento da intensa hipovolemia e deterioração da microcirculação, que ocorre na sepse e no choque endotóxico.

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            Leukocyte adherence to venular endothelium during ischemia-reperfusion.

            Xanthine oxidase-derived oxidants and leukocytes have been implicated in the microvascular injury associated with reperfusion of ischemic intestine. The objective of this study was to determine whether xanthine oxidase-derived oxidants play a role in the leukocyte-microvascular interactions initiated by ischemia-reperfusion. Adherence and extravasation of leukocytes were monitored in cat mesenteric venules subjected to 1 h of ischemia (blood flow reduced to 20% of control) and reperfusion. Leukocyte rolling velocity, vessel diameter, and red cell velocity were also measured in control (untreated) animals and in animals pretreated with either allopurinol or superoxide dismutase. The responses of venular blood flow, wall shear rate, and leukocyte rolling velocity to ischemia and reperfusion did not differ between the three experimental groups. In control animals, 1 h of ischemia was associated with significant adherence and extravasation of leukocytes with reperfusion greatly enhancing these responses. Allopurinol treatment did not alter the responses to ischemia per se, yet it largely prevented the further increment in adherence and extravasation associated with reperfusion. Superoxide dismutase treatment attenuated the leukocyte responses elicited by both ischemia and reperfusion. Our observations that both allopurinol and superoxide dismutase attenuate reperfusion-induced leukocyte adherence and extravasation are consistent with the hypothesis that xanthine oxidase-derived oxidants initiate the leukocyte infiltration induced by reperfusion of ischemic intestine.
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              Capillary narrowing in hemorrhagic shock is rectified by hyperosmotic saline-dextran reinfusion.

              Previously, we showed that skeletal muscle capillaries narrow during hemorrhagic shock due to swelling of endothelial cells. The present study investigated if these narrowed capillaries affected reflow and compared the effects of fluid reinfusion with iso- and hyperosmotic solutions, in particular 7.5% NaCl/6% dextran 70 (HSD) and Ringer's lactate (RL). Intravital microscopy was used to visualize capillaries in the rabbit tenuissimus muscle during 1 h of shock (40% hemorrhage) and subsequent reinfusion period. Changes in capillary lumenal diameter were inferred by changes in the width of red blood cells traversing the capillary. At the end of the shock period, the capillary diameter was reduced by 20.4 +/- 8.0% (N = 24). With infusion of HSD (dose equal to one-seventh of the shed blood volume; N = 7), there was a sustained flow resurgence and complete return of the capillary diameter to control values after 30 min. The response appears to result from both the hypertonic saline and dextran components. Reinfusion with RL (dose equal to the shed blood volume; N = 7) caused only a transient increase in flow and no change in the lumenal narrowing. We conclude that HSD surpasses conventional RL treatment in reestablishing capillary hemodynamics owing to a decreased hydraulic resistance from osmotically induced endothelium shrinkage.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                spmj
                Sao Paulo Medical Journal
                Sao Paulo Med. J.
                Associação Paulista de Medicina - APM (São Paulo )
                1806-9460
                December 1995
                : 113
                : 6
                : 1053-1060
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Santa Casa School of Medicine
                [2 ] Ludwig Maximilians Universität München Germany
                Article
                S1516-31801995000600008
                10.1590/S1516-31801995000600008
                3c199425-0c73-4701-be8e-9200f5b198a0

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1516-3180&lng=en
                Categories
                MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL

                Internal medicine
                Sepsis,Multiple organ failure,Hypertonic solution,Shock
                Internal medicine
                Sepsis, Multiple organ failure, Hypertonic solution, Shock

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