Antimicrobial Effect of Zataria Multiflora Extract in Comparison with Chlorhexidine Mouthwash on Experimentally Contaminated Orthodontic Elastomeric Ligatures

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Abstract

Objectives:

Long-term use of orthodontic appliances and fixation ligatures creates a favorable environment for the accumulation of oral normal microflora and increases the risk of enamel demineralization and periodontal disease.

The aim of this study was to compare the antimicrobial effects of Zataria Multiflora extract and 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash on experimentally contaminated orthodontic elastomeric ligatures.

Materials and Methods:

In this lab trial study, Iranian and foreign-made elastomeric ligatures were experimentally contaminated in Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans suspensions. Ligatures were then decontaminated using 0.2% CHX as the control, 0.5 mg/ml Zataria multiflora extract mouthwashes as the test and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) as the negative control for one hour. Antimicrobial properties of both solutions were evaluated by comparing the mean viable bacterial cell count on both rings after decontamination, using SPSS version 15 software.

Results:

The mean viable bacterial cell count on Iranian ligatures was greater than that on foreign-made ligatures before disinfection (P=0.001), however this difference for C. albicans was not statistically significant (P=0.061). Chlorhexidine mouthwash completely eliminated all tested microorganisms attached to both elastomeric rings, but Zataria extract was only capable of completely eliminating C. albicans from both ligatures. Statistically significant differences were found in viable bacterial counts on both ligatures before and after disinfection with Zataria extract (P=0.0001).

Conclusion:

Zataria multiflora extract has antimicrobial properties and can be used for disinfection of elastomeric ligatures. In vivo studies are required to evaluate the efficacy of the incorporation of this herbal extract in mouthwashes for orthodontic patients.

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Most cited references 24

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Enterococcus faecalis--a mechanism for its role in endodontic failure.

Nick Love (2001)

The aim of this study was to identify a possible mechanism that would explain how E. faecalis could survive and grow within dentinal tubules and reinfect an obturated root canal. Cells of Streptococcus gordonii DL1, Streptococcus mutans NG8, or E. faecalis JH2-2 were grown in brain heart infusion broth containing various amounts of human serum for 56 days. The ability of the three species to invade dentine and bind to immobilized type I collagen in the presence of human serum was assessed by dentine invasion and microtitre well experiments. All three species remained viable over the period of the experiment when grown in human serum. Cells of all three bacteria were able to invade dentine and bind to immobilized collagen. Both of these properties were inhibited by the presence of collagen in the cell solution. Human serum inhibited dentine invasion and collagen adhesion by S. gordonii DL1 and S. mutans NG8, whilst dentine invasion by E. faecalis JH2-2 was reduced in the presence of serum, but not inhibited, and binding to collagen was enhanced. It is postulated that a virulence factor of E. faecalis in failed endodontically treated teeth may be related to the ability of E. faecalis cells to maintain the capability to invade dentinal tubules and adhere to collagen in the presence of human serum.

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Bacterial colonization associated with fixed orthodontic appliances. A scanning electron microscopy study.

K Selvig, Ashraf Ali M. A. El Shorbgy, N Selliseth … (2001)

This investigation was undertaken to assess bacterial plaque accumulation adjacent to orthodontic brackets. Experiments were carried out on 11 subjects who were scheduled for orthodontic treatment including extraction of two or four premolars. Metal brackets were bonded to the premolars to be extracted using macro-filled bonding composite. A conventional elastomeric ring was placed around one bracket and a steel ligature wire around the bracket on the contralateral tooth. The subjects were told to continue their normal oral hygiene regimen. Teeth were extracted at 1, 2, or 3 weeks after bracket bonding. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination of brackets, excess composite, and buccal enamel revealed that mature plaque was present on excess composite at 2 and 3 weeks after bonding, whereas plaque on the gingival enamel surface was still at an early stage of development. The results demonstrate that excess composite around the bracket base is the critical site for plaque accumulation due to its rough surface and the presence of a distinct gap at the composite-enamel interface. The method of ligation does not appear to influence the bacterial morphotypes on both composite and enamel surfaces.

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Role of micro-organisms in caries etiology.

J. M. Dijk (1994)

The microbial etiology of dental caries is discussed in terms of the dynamic relationship among the dental plaque microbiota, dietary carbohydrate, saliva, and the pH-lowering and cariogenic potential of dental plaque. The evidence supports a concept of caries as a dietary carbohydrate-modified bacterial infectious disease. Its key feature is a dietary carbohydrate-induced enrichment of the plaque microbiota with organisms such as the mutans streptococci and lactobacilli which causes an increase of plaque's pH-lowering and cariogenic potential. The shift in the plaque proportions of these organisms appears to be related to their relatively high acid tolerance. A large body of evidence also supports a major effect of saliva on caries development. Integration of salivary effects with the concept of caries as a dietary carbohydrate-modified bacterial infectious disease suggests a broader concept which includes a major role of saliva in the regulation of the exposure of tooth surfaces to carbohydrate and of plaque acidity and, hence, the microbial composition and the pH-lowering and cariogenic potential of dental plaque. It is proposed that caries occurs preferentially in dentition sites characterized by a relatively high exposure to carbohydrate and diminished salivary effects. Some implications of this concept are discussed.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Dent (Tehran)

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Dent (Tehran)

Journal ID (publisher-id): JOD

Journal ID (pmc): JOD

Title: Journal of Dentistry (Tehran, Iran)

Publisher: Tehran University of Medical Sciences

ISSN (Print): 1735-2150

ISSN (Electronic): 2008-2185

Publication date (Print): January 2015

Publication date (Electronic): January 2015

Volume: 12

Issue: 1

Pages: 1-10

Affiliations

[1 ]Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran

[2 ]Associate Professor, Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran

[3 ]Dentistry Student, Dentistry School, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran

Author notes

[* ] Corresponding author: A. A. Jafari Nadoushan, Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran, Jafariabbas@ 123456ssu.ac.ir

Article

Publisher ID: jod-12-1

PMC ID: 4436321

PubMed ID: 26005448

SO-VID: 3c1ad572-ddbf-4aa6-a062-6c01f921c9d5

License:

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License which allows users to read, copy, distribute and make derivative works for non-commercial purposes from the material, as long as the author of the original work is cited properly.

Antimicrobial Effect of Zataria Multiflora Extract in Comparison with Chlorhexidine Mouthwash on Experimentally Contaminated Orthodontic Elastomeric Ligatures

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Abstract

Objectives:

Materials and Methods:

Results:

Conclusion:

Related collections

Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences & Forensic Medicine (AJFSFM)

Most cited references 24

Enterococcus faecalis--a mechanism for its role in endodontic failure.

Bacterial colonization associated with fixed orthodontic appliances. A scanning electron microscopy study.

Role of micro-organisms in caries etiology.

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