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      Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) e Karl Köller (1857-1944) e a descoberta da anestesia local Translated title: Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) and Karl Köller (1857-1944) and the Discovery of local anesthesia Translated title: Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) y Karl Köller (1857-1944) y el Descubrimiento de la anestesia local

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          Abstract

          JUSTIFICATVA E OBJETIVOS: O entendimento por vezes admitido de que Sigmund Freud teve a intuição de utilizar a cocaína como anestésico local para intervenções cirúrgicas, ou mesmo de que ele tenha tido algum papel na descoberta da anestesia local não é verídico. Os objetivos das pesquisas de Freud eram outros e o verdadeiro realizador da descoberta foi Karl Köller, sobre o que há argumentos irrefutáveis. Diante desses fatos, tem importância histórica o conhecimento correto da questão. CONTEÚDO: O texto refere-se às propriedades há muito conhecidas da cocaína. Recorda dados pessoais, atividades profissionais e científicas de Sigmund Freud e de Karl Köller. Apresenta as pesquisas de Freud sobre efeitos fisiopatológicos observados com a cocaína. Expõe as razões das duras críticas recebidas por Freud diante de conceitos por ele emitidos. Descreve a súbita, porém consciente e justificada idéia de Karl Köller de estudar cientificamente a cocaína como anestésico local em animais e seres humanos. Indica como foram realizadas as pesquisas pioneiras que culminaram com a descoberta da anestesia local por Köller e as duas exposições sobre esta, feitas em Viena. Relata a primeira intervenção cirúrgica oftalmológica sob anestesia local. Comprova a imediata difusão pelo mundo da descoberta que marcou o início da anestesia locorregional. Comenta numerosos documentos comprobatórios da prioridade de Köller na descoberta. Finalmente, menciona as numerosas homenagens recebidas por Köller em várias partes do mundo. CONCLUSÕES: A anestesia locorregional foi iniciada por Karl Köller em 1884, quando ele provou a possibilidade de praticar intervenções cirúrgicas oftalmológicas sem dor utilizando a cocaína como anestésico local. Sigmund Freud realizou muitas pesquisas sobre a cocaína, mas não participou diretamente do importantíssimo feito.

          Translated abstract

          BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The understanding, occasionally recognized, that Sigmund Freud had the intuition to use cocaine as local anesthetic for surgical procedures, or even that he played any role in the discovery of local anesthesia is not true. The objective of Freud's studies were different, and based in irrefutable evidence, Karl Köller was the real inventor of local anesthesia. In face of those facts, proper knowledge of this historically important subject is due. CONTENTS: This report refers to the long-known properties of cocaine. It also remembers personal data, and the professional and scientific activities of Sigmund Freud and Karl Köller. It presents Freud's researches on the pathophysiological effects of cocaine. It exposes the reasons for the harsh criticism of Freud's concepts. It describes the sudden, but conscious and justified, idea of Karl Köller to study scientifically the use of cocaine as a local anesthetic in animals and humans. It indicates how those pioneering studies, that culminated with the discovery of local anesthesia by Köller and two presentations in Vienna on the subject, were done. It also reports the first ophthalmologic surgery under local anesthesia. It shows the immediate dissemination throughout the world of the discovery that marked the beginning of regional blocks. It comments several documents corroborating the role of Köller in this discovery. And, finally, it mentions the numerous homages received by Köller in different areas of the world. COCLUSIONS: Regional block was introduced by Karl Köller in 1884, when he demonstrated the feasibility of performing painless ophthalmologic surgeries by using cocaine as a local anesthetic. Sigmund Freud studied cocaine extensively, but he did not have direct participation in this important discovery.

          Translated abstract

          JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Los que a veces se cree de que Sigmund Freud tuvo la intuición de utilizar la cocaína como anestésico local para las intervenciones quirúrgicas o incluso de que él haya tenido algún rol en el descubrimiento de la anestesia local, no es verídico. Los objetivos de las investigaciones de Freud eran otros y el verdadero realizador del descubrimiento fue Karl Köller, sobre lo que ofrece argumentos irrefutables. Frente a esos hechos, el correcto conocimiento de esa cuestión, tiene uma importancia histórica. CONTENIDO: El texto se refiere a propiedades que hace mucho tiempo se conocían sobre la cocaína. Nos habla sobre datos personales, actividades profesionales y científicas de Sigmund Freud y de Karl Köller. Presenta las investigaciones de Freud sobre los efectos fisiopatológicos observados con la cocaína. Expone las razones de las duras críticas recibidas por Freud sobre conceptos que él había explicado. Describe la súbita, pero conciente y justificada idea de Karl Köller de estudiar científicamente la cocaína como um anestésico local en animales y seres humanos. Indica cómo fueron realizadas las investigaciones pioneras que redundaron con el descubimiento de la anestesia local por Köller y las de los exposiciones sobre esta, hechas en Viena. Relata la primeira intervención quirúrgica oftalmológica bajo anestesia local. Comprueba la inmediata difusión por el mundo del descubrimiento que marcó el inicio de la anestesia locorregional. Comenta innumerables documentos que comprueban la prioridad de Köller en ese descubrimiento. Y finalmente, menciona los numerosos homenajes recibidas por Köller en varias partes del mundo. CONCLUSIONES: La anestesia locorregional fue iniciada por Karl Köller en 1884, cuando él probó la posibilidad de practicar intervenciones quirúrgicas oftalmológicas sin dolor utilizando la cocaína como anestésico local. Sigmund Freud realizó muchas investigaciones sobre la cocaína, pero no participó directamente en el importantísimo hito.

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          Most cited references20

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          Harvey Cushing, a biography

          JF Fulton (1946)
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            History of anesthesia in Germany.

            The first ether anesthetic was administered in Germany by J.F. Heyfelder (1798-1869) at the Erlangen University Hospital on January 24, 1847. Thereafter, famous discoveries occurred in the field of pharmacology. Albert Niemann isolated cocaine from the coca shrub in 1860; Emil Fischer synthesized the first barbiturate, Veronal, in 1902; and Helmut Weese promoted the first ultra-short-acting barbiturate, hexobarbital (Evipan), in 1932. The local anesthetic effect of cocaine was reported by Koller at the Congress of the German Society for Ophthalmology on September 15, 1884, in Heidelberg. Many new techniques were tried first in German hospitals. Friedrich Trendelenburg carried out, by tracheotomy, the first operation with endotracheal intubation in 1869, and Franz Kuhn promoted and clinically practiced endotracheal intubation in Heidelberg beginning in 1900. August Bier performed the first operation under spinal anesthesia at the Kiel University Hospital on August 16, 1898. Carl Ludwig Schleich (1859-1922) standardized the methods of infiltration anesthesia by using a cocaine solution in sufficient dilution. The development of anesthesia machines was greatly influenced by Heinrich Dräger (1847-1917) and his son Bernhard Dräger (1870-1928). The Dräger Company in Lübeck built the first anesthesia machine with a carbon dioxide (CO2) absorber and circle system in 1925. Paul Sudeck and Helmut Schmidt worked with this system at the Hamburg University Hospital and reported their results in 1926. The first Dräger anesthesia machine was produced in 1902 and introduced into clinical use by Otto Roth (1863-1944) in Lübeck. Before the Second World War, three universities in Germany carried out research in the field of anesthesia: the University of Freiburg with H. Killian, the University of Hamburg with P. Sudeck and H. Schmidt, and the University of Würzburg with C.G. Gauss. Killian and Gauss established the first journals, Der Schmerz and Narkose und Anaesthesie, in 1928. After the Second World War, the field of anesthesia in Germany rapidly regained international standards. The journal Der Anaesthesist was founded in 1952, and the German Society for Anesthesiology and Intensive Medicine was established in 1953.
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              Anestesia Regional Intravenosa

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rba
                Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia
                Rev. Bras. Anestesiol.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia (Campinas )
                1806-907X
                April 2009
                : 59
                : 2
                : 244-257
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz Brazil
                Article
                S0034-70942009000200013
                10.1590/S0034-70942009000200013
                3c290971-d0fc-4adc-a186-17fc3e73b012

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0034-7094&lng=en
                Categories
                ANESTHESIOLOGY

                Anesthesiology & Pain management
                ANESTHESIA, Regional,ANESTHESIOLOGY,ANESTESIA, Regional,ANESTESIOLOGIA

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