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      Determinación de concentraciones de cadmio en plantaciones de Theobroma cacao L. en Costa Rica Translated title: Determination of cadmium concentrations in cocoa plantations (Theobroma cacao L.) in Costa Rica

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          Abstract

          Resumen El cultivo de cacao se mantiene en auge en Costa Rica; sin embargo, las autoridades europeas han establecido regulaciones a la importación de los derivados del cacao; las cuales iniciaron en enero de 2019 con la fijación de niveles de concentración máximos permitidos de cadmio. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar concentraciones de cadmio en suelo, raíz, hoja y en grano seco no fermentado de cacao en dos regiones productoras de este cultivo en el país. El presente estudio exploratorio se realizó en 2017 y 2018, determinándose la presencia de cadmio en las partes raíz y hoja del árbol de cacao, y en el grano. La información generada permitió determinar que parte de la producción de cacao se encuentra localizada en un entorno donde los órganos raíz y hoja pueden bioacumular este metal y transferirlo a la mazorca donde se detectó concentraciones de cadmio en granos, en un rango de 0 a 8,70 mg/kg. El porcentaje de muestras positivas en granos fue mayor en la Región Sur con 89,47%, mientras que en la Norte fue 33,33%. Sin embargo, en los análisis de suelos hechos en las muestras de los mismos sitios donde se muestrearon los órganos del árbol, solo se encontró en la Región Sur con un porcentaje muy bajo de muestras positivas, tres muestras de un total de 19, quizás debido a que el límite mínimo de detección para suelo propuesto por el laboratorio fue de 1 mg/kg.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Cocoa cultivation is booming in Costa Rica; however, European authorities have established regulations for the importation of cocoa derivatives; which started in January 2019 with the fixation of maximum allowed concentration levels of cadmium. The objective of this study was to determine concentrations of cadmium in soil, root, leaf and non-fermented dry cocoa beans in two regions producing this crop in the country. The present exploratory study carried out in 2017 and 2018, determining the presence of cadmium in the root and leaf parts of the cacao tree, and in the grain. The information generated allowed finding that part of the cocoa production is located in an environment where the root and leaf organs can bioaccumulate this metal and transfer it to the cob where the concentrations of cadmium were detected in beans in a range of 0 to 8, 70 mg / kg. The percentage of positive samples in beans was higher in the South Region with 89.47%, while in the Northern it was 33.33%. However, in the analyzes of soils made in the samples from the same sites where the tree organs were sampled, only a very low percentage of positive samples were found in the Southern Region, three samples out of a total of 19, perhaps due the minimum detection limit for soil proposed by the laboratory was 1 mg / kg.

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          Factors influencing metal bioavailability in soils: preliminary investigations for the development of a critical loads approach for metals

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            Trace Elements in Soils

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              Heavy metal contents in horticultural crops of a representative area of the European Mediterranean region.

              Heavy metal content (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) was analysed in the edible parts of two types of horticultural crops (leaf and inflorescence crops) from 30 agricultural fields in Castellón (Spain), a representative area of the European Mediterranean region. Selected soil properties relevant to control the mobility and bioavaibility of heavy metals were analysed for the general characterisation of these agricultural soils. The levels of clay, high percentages of organic matter and the presence of carbonate seem to suggest an important retention of heavy metals by these components in most of these soils. However, the high salinity in some fields (>4 dS/m) seems to facilitate the mobility of some heavy metals (e.g. Cu). The mean values of total contents of heavy metals in soils were similar to values obtained in other works on Spanish agricultural soils. However, there were some fields with a metal content (particularly Cu, Pb or Zn) higher than these works, reflecting an important anthropogenic source. In seven fields, the crop contents of Cd and/or Pb were higher than the maximum levels established by the Commission Regulation no. 466/2001 for horticultural crops. Heavy metal contents in leaf crops were higher than in inflorescence crops, except for Zn. The differences for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe and Mn contents between these two types of crops were statistically significant. The analysis of crop heavy metal contents showed a higher absorption and/or accumulation of heavy metals in leaf crops than in inflorescence crops. Differences in crop characteristics seem to be responsible for the differential accumulation of heavy metals. Furthermore, agronomic practices and other sources of heavy metals (e.g. atmospheric deposition for Cd and Pb) may also have some influence on crop accumulation. Given the relevance of horticultural crops in the Mediterranean diet, it is highly necessary to extend the experience of this work to other areas of the European Mediterranean region.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                tem
                Revista Tecnología en Marcha
                Tecnología en Marcha
                Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica (Cartago, Cartago, Costa Rica, Costa Rica )
                0379-3982
                0379-3982
                March 2020
                : 33
                : 1
                : 122-137
                Affiliations
                [3] orgname Costa Rica jose.l.torres@ 123456dole.com
                [2] Campus Local San Carlos orgnameInstituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica Costa Rica pafurcal@ 123456tec.ac.cr
                Article
                S0379-39822020000100122 S0379-3982(20)03300100122
                10.18845/tm.v33i1.5027
                3c50f3af-1ca1-4954-9e4f-f3c39dbb4285

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 International License.

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                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 38, Pages: 16
                Product

                SciELO Costa Rica

                Categories
                Artículo

                cadmium in cocoa leaf,cadmio en cacao,cadmio en raíz de cacao,cadmio en hoja de cacao,Metales pesados,cadmium in cocoa,cadmium in cocoa root,Heavy metals

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