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      Effects of starter nitrogen fertilizer on soybean root activity, leaf photosynthesis and grain yield

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      PLoS ONE
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          Abstract

          The objective of this study was to examine the impact of starter nitrogen fertilizer on soybean root activity, leaf photosynthesis, grain yield and their relationship. To achieve this objective, field experiments were conducted in 2013 and 2014, using a randomized complete block design, with three replications. Nitrogen was applied at planting at rates of 0, 25, 50, and 75 kg N ha -1. In both years, starter nitrogen fertilizer benefited root activity, leaf photosynthesis, and consequently its yield. Statistically significant correlation was found among root activity, leaf photosynthetic rate, and grain yield at the developmental stage. The application of N 25, N 50, and N 75 increased grain yield by 1.28%, 2.47%, and 1.58% in 2013 and by 0.62%, 2.77%, and 2.06% in 2014 compared to the N 0 treatment. Maximum grain yield of 3238.91 kg ha -1 in 2013 and 3086.87 kg ha -1 in 2014 were recorded for N 50 treatment. Grain yield was greater for 2013 than 2014, possibly due to more favorable environmental conditions. This research indicated that applying nitrogen as starter is necessary to increase soybean yield in Sangjiang River Plain in China.

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          Carbon Dioxide Concentration, Photosynthesis, and Dry Matter Production

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            Optimal photosynthetic characteristics of individual plants in vegetation stands and implications for species coexistence.

            This paper reviews the way optimization theory has been used in canopy models to analyse the adaptive significance of photosynthesis-related plant characteristics and their consequences for the structure and species composition of vegetation stands. In most studies simple optimization has been used with trait values optimal when they lead to maximum whole-stand photosynthesis. This approach is subject to the condition that the optimum for one individual is independent of the characteristics of its neighbours. This seems unlikely in vegetation stands where neighbour plants strongly influence each other's light climate. Not surprisingly, there are consistent deviations between predicted plant traits and real values: plants tend to be taller, distribute nitrogen more evenly among their leaves and produce more leaf area which is projected more horizontally than predicted by models. By applying game theory to individual plant-based canopy models, other studies have shown that optimal vegetation stands with maximum whole-stand photosynthesis are not evolutionarily stable. They can be successfully invaded by mutants that are taller, project their leaves more horizontally or that produce greater than optimal leaf areas. While these individual-based models can successfully predict the canopy structure of vegetation stands, they are invariably determined at unique optimal trait values. They do not allow for the co-existence of more than one species with different characteristics. Canopy models can contribute to our understanding of species coexistence through (a) simultaneous analysis of the various traits that determine light capture and photosynthesis and the trade-offs between them, and (b) consideration of trade-offs associated with specialization to different positions in the niche space defined by temporal and spatial heterogeneity of resources.
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              Effects of root interaction and nitrogen fertilization on the chlorophyll content, root activity, photosynthetic characteristics of intercropped soybean and microbial quantity in the rhizosphere

              A pot experiment using root separation technique was conducted to further understand the effect of root interaction played in intercropping system under different nitrogen levels. The results showed that root interaction and increasing nitrogen application increased the green leaf area per plant and chlorophyll content of soybean, but their effects gradually decreased with increasing nitrogen fertilization level. Root interaction and increasing nitrogen application can improve photosynthetic characteristics of soybean, but root interaction only had a significant effect under low nitrogen level. The number of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and Azotobacteria was also obviously affected by root interaction and nitrogen fertilization, and the number of Azotobacteria presented a changing trend of first increased and then decreased with increasing nitrogen fertilization level. Root interaction and increasing nitrogen application improved soybean yield and its components, but their effects gradually decreased with increasing nitrogen fertilization level. The root activity of soybean was obviously affected by root interaction, and was significantly positively correlated with green leaf area per plant, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate and economic yield per plant. Our results indicate that the advantage effect of root interaction and increasing nitrogen application will be partially inhibited with an increasing nitrogen fertilization level.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                7 April 2017
                2017
                : 12
                : 4
                : e0174841
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
                [2 ]Jiamusi Branch, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
                Tennessee State University, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                • Conceptualization: ZJG.

                • Data curation: ZJG JTZ.

                • Formal analysis: ZJG CFL.

                • Funding acquisition: ZJG JTZ.

                • Investigation: ZJG JTZ.

                • Methodology: ZJG.

                • Project administration: ZJG JTZ.

                • Resources: ZJG JTZ.

                • Software: ZJG JTZ.

                • Supervision: ZJG.

                • Visualization: ZJG.

                • Writing – original draft: ZJG CFL.

                • Writing – review & editing: ZJG CFL.

                Article
                PONE-D-16-44850
                10.1371/journal.pone.0174841
                5384667
                28388620
                3c533a8e-94bd-4d30-9f25-225a35c18b5e
                © 2017 Gai et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 28 November 2016
                : 16 March 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 12, Pages: 15
                Funding
                Funded by: Jiamusi branch of Heilongjiang academy of agricultural sciences
                Award ID: 2014BAD11B01-A02
                Award Recipient :
                This research was supported by National Key Technology Support Program. The grant number is 2014BAD11B01-A02.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Anatomy
                Leaves
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Agriculture
                Agrochemicals
                Fertilizers
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Agriculture
                Crop Science
                Crops
                Soybean
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Plant Biochemistry
                Photosynthesis
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Biochemistry
                Photosynthesis
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Cellular Structures and Organelles
                Chloroplasts
                Chlorophyll
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Plant Cell Biology
                Chloroplasts
                Chlorophyll
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Cell Biology
                Chloroplasts
                Chlorophyll
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Cellular Types
                Plant Cells
                Chloroplasts
                Chlorophyll
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Plant Cell Biology
                Plant Cells
                Chloroplasts
                Chlorophyll
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Cell Biology
                Plant Cells
                Chloroplasts
                Chlorophyll
                Physical Sciences
                Materials Science
                Materials by Attribute
                Pigments
                Organic Pigments
                Chlorophyll
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Agriculture
                Agronomy
                Horticulture
                Planting
                Earth Sciences
                Seasons
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Anatomy
                Plant Roots
                Root Nodules
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper.

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