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      Manejo del empiema complicado con ventana torácica y sistema de presión negativa

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          Abstract

          Introducción: El empiema torácico se define como derrame pleural purulento. La causa más frecuente es el infeccioso paraneumónico, sin embargo, puede presentarse en escenarios posquirúrgicos o postraumáticos. El empiema sigue una evolución progresiva trifásica y el tratamiento debe enfocarse a la causa de la enfermedad, fase evolutiva, y el estado general del paciente. Algunos casos requieren toracotomía con drenaje abierto tipo ventana torácica para solucionar el padecimiento. Materiales y Método: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo y descriptivo basado en una serie de casos. Se analizaron datos de pacientes consecutivos con empiema intervenidos con toracotomía con drenaje abierto tipo ventana torácica y uso de sistema de presión negativa en un Hospital de 3er Nivel del Sureste de México de octubre 2015 a junio 2017. Resultados: Se analizaron seis casos, la mediana de edad fue 46 años (rango intercuartílico 34-47) y 67% eran hombres. El sistema de presión negativa se colocó en el periodo posquirúrgico con una mediana de 6 días (rango intercuartílico 5-7). El tiempo medio de permanencia fue de 61 días (RIC 43-148). Finalmente, el tiempo de estancia hospitalaria fue de 72 días (RIC 49-87). El 67% de los casos evolucionó con cierre de la ventana torácica y adecuada expansión pulmonar. Conclusiones: En pacientes con empiema crónico, la terapia integral que incluya toracotomía con ventana torácica y el uso de sistema de presión negativa es una estrategia aceptable de tratamiento. Se requieren más estudios que ratifiquen los resultados de forma más objetiva.

          Translated abstract

          Background: Thoracic empyema is defined as a purulent pleural effusion. Its most common origin is parapneumonic, nonetheless, post-surgical or post-traumatic empyema can also occur. Empyema has a progressive three-phase evolution and the treatment must focus to the evolutionary phase, cause of the disease and overall state of the patient. Some cases would undergo through thoracotomy with thoracic window open drainage to solve the disease. Material and Methods: This is an observational, retrospective and descriptive study based on all consecutive patients with empyema who underwent thoracotomy with thoracic window open drainage in a 3rd level hospital in the southeast of Mexico between october 2015 and june 2017. Results: We identified 6 cases. Median of age was 46 years (IQR 34-47) and 67% were male. The negative pressure system was placed in the 6th day of surgery (IQR 5-7). Median time of use was 61 days (IQR 43-148). Finally, the length of hospital stay was 72 days (IQR 49-87). 67% of the cases had chest window closure with adequate lung expansion. Conclusions: when we face a clinical scenario with chronic empyema, an integral therapy that includes thoracic window thoracotomy with a negative pressure system is an acceptable treatment strategy. Subsequent studies are required in order to ratify the results

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          Open window thoracostomy treatment of empyema is accelerated by vacuum-assisted closure.

          Recurrent thoracic empyema in the presence of residual lung tissue can be treated with an open window thoracostomy (OWT). Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) of these large thoracic defects is a novel option. Nineteen patients with residual lung tissue received an OWT for treatment of recurrent thoracic empyema. In this retrospective case series, 8 patients (aged 58 +/- 20 years, all male) were treated conventionally, and 11 patients (aged 53 +/- 17 years, 8 male) were treated with VAC. The application of the VAC system resulted in rapid debridement of the thoracic cavity and reexpansion of the residual lung tissue. The duration of OWT and VAC therapy was 39 +/- 17 and 31 +/- 19 days, respectively. All 11 patients were amenable for subsequent closure using pedicled muscular flaps. In 2 patients, VAC therapy alone resulted in complete closure of the OWT. The average duration of follow-up was 46 +/- 19 months. All patients, except 1, have recovered well. One patient died of nonpulmonary causes. In the non-VAC group (n = 8), the OWT was managed conventionally by application of saline-soaked gauzes. In 2 patients, the OWT was eventually closed using pedicled muscular flaps (after 75 and 440 days, respectively). Four patients died of OWT-related complications (1 bleeding, 3 recurrent infections) during follow-up; 1 patient died of a cause unrelated to OWT. The average duration of OWT was 933 +/- 1,422 days. When compared with conventional management of OWT, VAC therapy accelerates wound healing and improves reexpansion of residual lung tissue in patients with OWT after empyema, allowing rapid surgical closure.
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            Vacuum-assisted closure device: a useful tool in the management of severe intrathoracic infections.

            This study is an evaluation of the vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) therapy for the treatment of severe intrathoracic infections complicating lung resection, esophageal surgery, viscera perforation, or necrotizing pleuropulmonary infections. We reviewed the medical records of all patients treated by intrathoracic VAC therapy between January 2005 and December 2008. All patients underwent surgical debridement-decortication and control of the underlying cause of infection such as treatment of bronchus stump insufficiency, resection of necrotic lung, or closure of esophageal or intestinal leaks. Surgery was followed by intrathoracic VAC therapy until the infection was controlled. The VAC dressings were changed under general anesthesia and the chest wall was temporarily closed after each dressing change. All patients received systemic antibiotic therapy. Twenty-seven patients (15 male, median age 64 years) underwent intrathoracic VAC dressings for the management of postresectional empyema (n=8) with and without bronchopleural fistula, necrotizing infections (n=7), and intrathoracic gastrointestinal leaks (n=12). The median length of VAC therapy was 22 days (range 5 to 66) and the median number of VAC changes per patient was 6 (range 2 to 16). In-hospital mortality was 19% (n=5) and was not related to VAC therapy or intrathoracic infection. Control of intrathoracic infection and closure of the chest cavity was achieved in all surviving patients. Vacuum-assisted closure therapy is an efficient and safe adjunct to treat severe intrathoracic infections and may be a good alternative to the open window thoracostomy in selected patients. Long time intervals in between VAC changes and short course of therapy result in good patient acceptance. Copyright © 2011 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Intrathoracic application of a vacuum-assisted closure device in managing pleural space infection after lung resection: is it an option?

              Empyema after lung resection is a challenging condition to manage and is associated with a high mortality. Intrathoracic application of a vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) device is recently introduced as an adjunct in the management of this condition. A best evidence topic was constructed to address whether this approach is effective in successful chest closure and reducing hospital stay. Twenty-three papers were found using the reported search, of which nine papers were identified that provided the best evidence to answer the question. All papers were retrospective and included a total of 69 patients treated with intrathoracic VAC. There was only one cohort study and the rest were either case series or case reports. In a cohort of 19 patients reported by Palmen et al. the average duration of an open window thoracostomy in a group of patients with VAC (n=11) was 39 ± 17 days and in those without VAC (n=8) was 933 ± 1422 days. Median length of VAC treatment was 22 days (range 6-66 days) in a series of 28 patients reported by Saadi et al. Some authors excluded patients with a bronchopleural fistula (BPF) from VAC treatment. However, Groetzner et al. have safely used VAC in patients with BPF after covering the bronchus stump with an intrathoracic muscle flap. The mediastinum and the bronchus can be covered using a polyvinyl-alcohol foam. Polyurethane foam is commonly used to fill the intrathoracic cavity up to the superficial wound. The suggested starting level of negative pressure is as low as -25 mmHg to -75 mmHg depending on the presence or absence of signs of mediastinal traction; this negative pressure can gradually be increased to -125 mmHg over time. The recommended interval between VAC changes is two to five days. Accumulated evidence in this article, although limited, suggests that VAC, as an adjunct to the standard treatment, can potentially alleviate the morbidity and decrease hospital stay in patients with empyema after lung resection. VAC can reduce inpatient length of treatment and can make the condition manageable in an outpatient setting. These results are yet to be proven by larger studies and clinical trials.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ramer
                Revista americana de medicina respiratoria
                Rev. am. med. respir.
                Asociación Argentina de Medicina Respiratoria (CABA, , Argentina )
                1852-236X
                September 2018
                : 18
                : 3
                : 184-188
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameHospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de la Península de Yucatán orgdiv1Departamento de Neumología y Cirugía de Tórax México
                Article
                S1852-236X2018000300008
                3c5b8810-13e1-4aba-bbb9-a315593036e4

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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                SciELO Argentina

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                Cirugía,Empyema,Open window thoracic,Negative system pressure,Surgery,Empiema,Ventana torácica,Sistema de presión negativa

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