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      Elaboration of a triphasic calcium phosphate and silica nanocomposite for maxillary grafting and deposition on titanium implants

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          Abstract

          A hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate nanocomposite containing 5% silica was developed for dental applications. The biomaterial was prepared by one-step synthesis via the wet route. The resulting dry material consisted of hydrated calcium phosphate agglomerates with sizes of up to 200 μm. The presence of silica was found to lower the phase transformation temperature of the calcium phosphates and increase the open porosity of the biomaterial compared to that of hydroxyapatite. The hydrated calcium phosphate transformed into hydroxyapatite (HA) and beta tricalcium phosphate (TCP) at approximately 682 °C. After 2 h of calcination at 900 °C, the volume ratios of HA and TCP in the nanocomposite were 84 and 16%, respectively. The open porosity in the triphasic nanocomposite and in the HA was 46.35% and 41.52%, respectively, after 3 h of sintering at 1 100 °C. Samples of grade 2 titanium were sandpapered and etched with an acid solution of HCl/H 2SO 4 prior to deposition of the calcined nanocomposite. The particles were deposited homogeneously and reduced the contact angle of the titanium surface.

          Most cited references32

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          Surface treatments of titanium dental implants for rapid osseointegration.

          The osseointegration rate of titanium dental implants is related to their composition and surface roughness. Rough-surfaced implants favor both bone anchoring and biomechanical stability. Osteoconductive calcium phosphate coatings promote bone healing and apposition, leading to the rapid biological fixation of implants. The different methods used for increasing surface roughness or applying osteoconductive coatings to titanium dental implants are reviewed. Surface treatments, such as titanium plasma-spraying, grit-blasting, acid-etching, anodization or calcium phosphate coatings, and their corresponding surface morphologies and properties are described. Most of these surfaces are commercially available and have proven clinical efficacy (>95% over 5 years). The precise role of surface chemistry and topography on the early events in dental implant osseointegration remain poorly understood. In addition, comparative clinical studies with different implant surfaces are rarely performed. The future of dental implantology should aim to develop surfaces with controlled and standardized topography or chemistry. This approach will be the only way to understand the interactions between proteins, cells and tissues, and implant surfaces. The local release of bone stimulating or resorptive drugs in the peri-implant region may also respond to difficult clinical situations with poor bone quality and quantity. These therapeutic strategies should ultimately enhance the osseointegration process of dental implants for their immediate loading and long-term success.
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            High surface energy enhances cell response to titanium substrate microstructure.

            Titanium (Ti) is used for implantable devices because of its biocompatible oxide surface layer. TiO2 surfaces that have a complex microtopography increase bone-to-implant contact and removal torque forces in vivo and induce osteoblast differentiation in vitro. Studies examining osteoblast response to controlled surface chemistries indicate that hydrophilic surfaces are osteogenic, but TiO2 surfaces produced until now exhibit low surface energy because of adsorbed hydrocarbons and carbonates from the ambient atmosphere or roughness induced hydrophobicity. Novel hydroxylated/hydrated Ti surfaces were used to retain high surface energy of TiO2. Osteoblasts grown on this modified surface exhibited a more differentiated phenotype characterized by increased alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin and generated an osteogenic microenvironment through higher production of PGE2 and TGF-beta1. Moreover, 1alpha,25OH2D3 increased these effects in a manner that was synergistic with high surface energy. This suggests that increased bone formation observed on modified Ti surfaces in vivo is due in part to stimulatory effects of high surface energy on osteoblasts. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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              Sol-gel silica-based biomaterials and bone tissue regeneration.

              The impact of bone diseases and trauma in developed and developing countries has increased significantly in the last decades. Bioactive glasses, especially silica-based materials, are called to play a fundamental role in this field due to their osteoconductive, osteoproductive and osteoinductive properties. In the last years, sol-gel processes and supramolecular chemistry of surfactants have been incorporated to the bioceramics field, allowing the porosity of bioglasses to be controlled at the nanometric scale. This advance has promoted a new generation of sol-gel bioactive glasses with applications such as drug delivery systems, as well as regenerative grafts with improved bioactive behaviour. Besides, the combination of silica-based glasses with organic components led to new organic-inorganic hybrid materials with improved mechanical properties. Finally, an effort has been made to organize at the macroscopic level the sol-gel glass preparation. This effort has resulted in new three-dimensional macroporous scaffolds, suitable to be used in tissue engineering techniques or as porous pieces to be implanted in situ. This review collects the most important advances in the field of silica glasses occurring in the last decade, which are called to play a lead role in the future of bone regenerative therapies. Copyright 2010 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ijmr
                International Journal of Materials Research
                Carl Hanser Verlag
                1862-5282
                2195-8556
                9 January 2018
                : 109
                : 1
                : 68-75
                Affiliations
                a Department of Mechanical Engineering, State University of Santa Catarina, Joinville-SC, Brazil
                Author notes
                [* ] Correspondence address, Prof. Enori Gemelli, Department of Mechanical Engineering, State University of Santa Catarina, Paulo Malschitzki street, 200, Joinville-SC, 89218-170, Brazil, Tel.: +55 021 47 3481 7879, Fax: +55 021 47 3481 7940, E-mail: enori@ 123456joinville.udesc.br
                Article
                MK111569
                10.3139/146.111569
                3c5d2663-9947-4e00-966b-ee53b1a58d34
                © 2018, Carl Hanser Verlag, München
                History
                : 6 May 2017
                : 17 July 2017
                : 2 November 2017
                Page count
                References: 45, Pages: 8
                Categories
                Original Contributions

                Materials technology,Materials characterization,Materials science
                Calcium phosphate,Graft,Titanium,Dental implant,Silica

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