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      La obesidad en el mundo Translated title: Obesity in the world

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          Abstract

          El presente artículo analiza el sobrepeso y obesidad, y lo que estos implican como un enorme problema de salud pública en el mundo y en el Perú. Representan un problema que ha tenido un acelerado crecimiento en las últimas décadas, particularmente en los grupos de menor edad, y está relacionado con cambios en las condiciones de vida de la población. Destaca entre ellos, el enorme crecimiento del mercado y consumo de productos llamados ultra procesados que paulatinamente van sustituyendo los alimentos naturales y mínimamente procesados en la dieta de las poblaciones. El artículo sostiene que este crecimiento se debe principalmente a dos factores. Por un lado, la desregulación del mercado y, por otro, la enorme maquinaria publicitaria que estimula el consumo de estos productos. La obesidad está relacionada también con el proceso de urbanización que ha generado ciudades donde se prioriza la movilidad motorizada, en detrimento de la no motorizada, ciudades con carencia de espacios verdes y de recreación, cambios hacia formas sedentarias de recreación, con sus consecuencias en la disminución de la actividad física de la población. Luego, el artículo sostiene las respuestas y los compromisos que se han generado en los foros internacionales para enfrentar la obesidad y sus consecuencias en las enfermedades no transmisibles. Respuestas y compromisos para implementación de políticas públicas orientadas a combatir las condiciones de vida de las personas que favorecen la obesidad, calificado como ambiente obesogénico. Finalmente, se advierte el hecho de que estas políticas se enfrentan a intereses de sectores económicos poderosos vinculados con la industria alimentaria y de bebidas, lo que dificulta su implementación.

          Translated abstract

          This article discusses overweight and obesity and its implications as a huge public health problem in the world and in Peru. It is a problem with rapid growth in recent decades, particularly among younger age groups, and is related to changes in the living conditions of the population. Notable among these changes are the market’smassive growth and the consumption of ultra-processed products, which are gradually replacing natural and minimally processed foods in the population’s diet. The article argues that this growth is mainly due to two factors: the market`s lack of regulation for these ultra-processed products and the huge marketing machinery that encourages their consumption. Obesity is also related to the urbanization process. The latter has given rise to cities that prioritize motorized mobility at the expense of non-motorized transportation, with insufficient green areas and recreation spaces, all of which decreases the population’s physical activity levels. In order to address this enormous health problem, the international community has responded with various documents that compile well evidence based policy recommendations to control obesity and its consequences on noncommunicable diseases. Finally, the article remarks the fact that these policies confront powerful economic interests from the food and beverage industry that hinder their implementation. It depends on policy makers and citizens to surmount this conflict of interests and tip the balance towards the health of the population.

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          Most cited references11

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          Health-related quality of life in obese children and adolescents.

          This review addresses the effect of overweight and obese weight status on pediatric health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Web of Science, Medline, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, AMED and PubMed were searched for peer-reviewed studies in English reporting HRQOL and weight status in youth (<21 years), published before March 2008. Twenty-eight articles were identified. Regression of HRQOL against body mass index (BMI) using pooled data from 13 studies utilizing the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory identified an inverse relationship between BMI and pediatric HRQOL (r=-0.7, P=0.008), with impairments in physical and social functioning consistently reported. HRQOL seemed to improve with weight loss, but randomized controlled trials were few and lacked long-term follow-up. Little is known about the factors associated with reduced HRQOL among overweight or obese youth, although gender, age and obesity-related co-morbidities may play a role. Few studies have examined the differences in HRQOL between community and treatment-seeking samples. Pooled regressions suggest pediatric self-reported HRQOL can be predicted from parent proxy reports, although parents of obese youths tend to perceive worse HRQOL than children do about themselves. Thus, future research should include both pediatric and parent proxy perspectives.
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            Consumption of ultra-processed foods and likely impact on human health. Evidence from Canada

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              Childhood and adolescent obesity and adult mortality: a systematic review of cohort studies

              This systematic review addressed cohort studies on obesity in childhood and adolescence and adult mortality, published from January 1990 to March 2007. We searched the PubMed database with the following uniterms: obesity, mortality, child, adolescent; obesity and mortality; overweight and mortality. References were also analyzed. The age limit was 2 to 18 years. Quality of the articles was assessed, and eight were identified and reviewed. All used weight and stature for determination of obesity, and seven used body mass index (BMI). The quality score varied from 9 to 17. Evidence of association between obesity in childhood and adolescence and adult mortality should be viewed with caution. Use of BMI and potential confounders were discussed. Further research is needed to analyze the relationship between childhood and adolescent obesity and adult mortality.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                afm
                Anales de la Facultad de Medicina
                An. Fac. med.
                Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Facultad de Medicina (Lima, , Peru )
                1025-5583
                April 2017
                : 78
                : 2
                : 173-178
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameOPS/OMS Perú
                Article
                S1025-55832017000200011
                10.15381/anales.v78i2.13213
                3c5d5a5e-ec64-49d6-a719-e502a5d4d802

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 04 May 2017
                : 26 February 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 57, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Peru


                Obesidad,Sobrepeso,Factores de Riesgo para Enfermedades No Transmisibles,Alimentos,Actividad Física,Obesity,Overweight,Risk Factors for Non-communicable Diseases,Food,Physical Activity

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