Nitrous Oxide for Labor Analgesia: What We Know to Date

Abstract

Background: Although nitrous oxide (N ₂O) has been used since the 1880s for labor analgesia, its popularity has only recently increased in the United States. In 2011, only 3 centers in the country offered N ₂O, but as of 2020, several hundred labor units have adopted its use.

Methods: We reviewed the literature and summarize the mechanism of action, clinical uses, and efficacy of N ₂O for labor analgesia, as well as patient satisfaction related to its use.

Results: N ₂O has several proposed mechanisms of action that make it a viable option for all 3 stages of labor and postpartum procedures. N ₂O has been shown to be a safe option for both mom and baby during labor and delivery. Studies support N ₂O as an analgesic for laboring. Even though 40% to 60% of women who use N ₂O convert to a labor epidural analgesia, satisfaction surveys indicate that analgesia is not the only factor contributing to the use of N ₂O during labor.

Conclusion: The use of N ₂O has increased in labor and delivery units across the United States since 2011. Despite inferior analgesic properties compared to epidural analgesia, N ₂O offers a safe alternative for many parturients who want a greater sense of control and mobility.