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      Marsupiales (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) de Iquitos y sus alrededores (Loreto, Perú) Translated title: Marsupials (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) from Iquitos and surrounding areas (Loreto, Peru)

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          Abstract

          Se presenta el resultado de un estudio realizado en la localidad de Iquitos y sus alrededores, un área ubicada en la Amazonia del noreste de Perú. Se ofrece una lista de especies de marsupiales registrados mediante colectas realizadas personalmente, información obtenida de la literatura y registros confiables. Para cada especie se mencionan las localidades de colecta y presentan comentarios sobre su sistemática e historia natural. Se citan 19 especies para Iquitos, 14 fueron colectadas en este estudio, de las cuales una se confirma para el país (Marmosops neblina). Los resultados muestran que esta zona es una de la más diversa en marsupiales en Sudamérica.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction: Amazonia has a high diversity of marsupials, and while Emmons and Feer (1990) have cited 14 species for the area, 18 years later this number was increased to 28 by Gardner (2008a), a difference related to descriptions and revalidation of several species in recent years. Northeastern Peru is one of the areas with high biodiversity, a "hotspot". The high diversity of small mammals can be explained by several factors: latitudinal gradient, size of the area, and lack of seasonal precipitations, among others. In this contribution 19 species are cited for the region of Iquitos, 14 collected through field trips and five recorded from the literature. These results confirm the presence of a species that was not known for the country (Marmosops neblina), and two species (Marmosa regina and Marmosops bishopi) with new records for the area. The results show that the study area is one of the most diverse in South America with respect to marsupials. Material and methods: The specimens were collected between December 2002 and December 2005, at 41 collecting sites along the Iquitos-Nauta Highway. The study was carried out in undisturbed primary and secondary forests, and other rural areas. In total, 18,081 Sherman trap-nights, 19,271 Tomahawk trap-nights, and 591 pitfall trap-nights were recorded. External and cranial morphometric data, body mass, sex, and reproductive condition were recorded for all specimens. A key to species is provided including the confirmed and probable species of the area. Species accumulation curves were calculated and plotted using Estimates 8.2.0. Results: Three hundred and seventy three records were obtained belonging to 14 out of 27 species cited for the area; eight species were collected outside the Iquitos area. Most specimens were collected in primary and secondary forests (123 and 199 specimens respectively), only 49 were captured in other areas. Pitfall traps were the most successful (1.69% capture success), followed by Tomahawk traps (1.29%), and Sherman traps (0.55%). Arboreal traps were more successful than the ground traps, with 4.18% and 0.89% capture success respectively. The species accumulation curve did not reach stability and the estimates calculated are greater than the recorded species. Discussion: During three years of sampling, 14 species were collected, a number that rises to 19 when literature citations for the specific area of Iquitos are considered (and increases to 27 if the area is extended to a 200 km radius around Iquitos). Some species were very abundant (P. opossum, M. nudicaudatus, D. marsupialis, and M. regina), while others were documented by only 1 or 2 records (G. venusta, M. adusta, and P. olrogi). It is evident that the Peruvian Amazon is one of the areas with the highest diversity of marsupials, but further surveys and studies are necessary in order to determine with greater precision the distribution of many species, and to acquire a better understanding of their natural history. More extensive studies of the fauna of the region are required to obtain informational bases that will provide a strong management policy, in order to preserve the species in such a highly fragmented region.

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          Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance

          In the past decade, leptospirosis has emerged as a globally important infectious disease. It occurs in urban environments of industrialised and developing countries, as well as in rural regions worldwide. Mortality remains significant, related both to delays in diagnosis due to lack of infrastructure and adequate clinical suspicion, and to other poorly understood reasons that may include inherent pathogenicity of some leptospiral strains or genetically determined host immunopathological responses. Pulmonary haemorrhage is recognised increasingly as a major, often lethal, manifestation of leptospirosis, the pathogenesis of which remains unclear. The completion of the genome sequence of Leptospira interrogans serovar lai, and other continuing leptospiral genome sequencing projects, promise to guide future work on the disease. Mainstays of treatment are still tetracyclines and beta-lactam/cephalosporins. No vaccine is available. Prevention is largely dependent on sanitation measures that may be difficult to implement, especially in developing countries.
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            Global mammal distributions, biodiversity hotspots, and conservation.

            Hotspots, which have played a central role in the selection of sites for reserves, require careful rethinking. We carried out a global examination of distributions of all nonmarine mammals to determine patterns of species richness, endemism, and endangerment, and to evaluate the degree of congruence among hotspots of these three measures of diversity in mammals. We then compare congruence of hotspots in two animal groups (mammals and birds) to assess the generality of these patterns. We defined hotspots as the richest 2.5% of cells in a global equal-area grid comparable to 1 degrees latitude x 1 degrees longitude. Hotspots of species richness, "endemism," and extinction threat were noncongruent. Only 1% of cells and 16% of species were common to the three types of mammalian hotspots. Congruence increased with increases in both the geographic scope of the analysis and the percentage of cells defined as being hotspots. The within-mammal hotspot noncongruence was similar to the pattern recently found for birds. Thus, assigning global conservation priorities based on hotspots is at best a limited strategy.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                therya
                Therya
                Therya
                Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (La Paz )
                2007-3364
                2014
                : 5
                : 1
                : 111-151
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad Nacional de Tucumán Argentina
                Article
                S2007-33642014000100007
                10.12933/therya-14-178
                3c5fa078-a2fe-4a8c-a06b-d76d55585fdc

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                Biodiversity Conservation
                Biology
                Veterinary Sciences
                Zoology

                General life sciences,General veterinary medicine,Animal science & Zoology
                natural history,diversity,Amazonía Peruana,diversidad,historia natural,marsupiales,marsupials,Peruvian Amazon

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