Realidad virtual y sus aplicaciones en trastornos mentales: una revisión

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Abstract

Resumen Las dos últimas décadas han sido testigos de la aparición de la realidad virtual (RV) como una herramienta importante para la investigación, evaluación y tratamiento en los trastornos mentales en la salud mental, creando entornos interactivos generados por computadora, donde los individuos pueden experimentar repetidamente sus situaciones problemáticas y aprender, a través de tratamientos psicológicos basados en la evidencia, cómo superar dificultades. El propósito de este artículo es proporcionar una revisión sistemática actualizada de la literatura sobre la utilización de la RV en los problemas de salud mental. Se realizó una revisión sistemática identificando 245 estudios, de los cuales se utilizaron solo 29 relacionados con modelos de RV, de los cuales 18 correspondían a distintos trastornos (ansiedad, depresión, esquizofrenia, psicosis, trastornos alimenticios, trastorno obsesivo compulsivo) y 11 a estudios empíricos; de su análisis se concluye que la capacidad de la RV para simular la realidad podría aumentar en gran medida el acceso a las terapias en los trastornos mentales mientras que los resultados podrían ser mejorados por la capacidad de la tecnología para crear nuevas realidades.

Translated abstract

The last two decades have witnessed the emergence of virtual reality (VR) as an important tool for research, evaluation and treatment in mental disorders in mental health, creating interactive environments generated by computer, where individuals can repeatedly experience their problematic situations and learn, through psychological treatments based on evidence, how to overcome difficulties. The purpose of this article is to provide an updated systematic review of the literature on the use of VR in mental health problems. A systematic review was made identifying 245 studies, of which only 29 were used related to RV models, of which 18 corresponded to different disorders (anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, psychosis, eating disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder) and 11 to empirical studies. From their analysis it is concluded that the ability of the RV to simulate reality could greatly increase access to therapies in mental disorders while the results could be improved by the ability of technology to create new realities.

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Virtual reality in the assessment, understanding, and treatment of mental health disorders

D. Freeman, S Reeve, A. Robinson … (2017)

Mental health problems are inseparable from the environment. With virtual reality (VR), computer-generated interactive environments, individuals can repeatedly experience their problematic situations and be taught, via evidence-based psychological treatments, how to overcome difficulties. VR is moving out of specialist laboratories. Our central aim was to describe the potential of VR in mental health, including a consideration of the first 20 years of applications. A systematic review of empirical studies was conducted. In all, 285 studies were identified, with 86 concerning assessment, 45 theory development, and 154 treatment. The main disorders researched were anxiety (n = 192), schizophrenia (n = 44), substance-related disorders (n = 22) and eating disorders (n = 18). There are pioneering early studies, but the methodological quality of studies was generally low. The gaps in meaningful applications to mental health are extensive. The most established finding is that VR exposure-based treatments can reduce anxiety disorders, but there are numerous research and treatment avenues of promise. VR was found to be a much-misused term, often applied to non-interactive and non-immersive technologies. We conclude that VR has the potential to transform the assessment, understanding and treatment of mental health problems. The treatment possibilities will only be realized if – with the user experience at the heart of design – the best immersive VR technology is combined with targeted translational interventions. The capability of VR to simulate reality could greatly increase access to psychological therapies, while treatment outcomes could be enhanced by the technology's ability to create new realities. VR may merit the level of attention given to neuroimaging.

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The Use of Virtual Reality Technology in the Treatment of Anxiety and Other Psychiatric Disorders

Jessica Maples-Keller, Brian Bunnell, Sae-Jin Kim … (2017)

Virtual reality, or VR, allows users to experience a sense of presence in a computer-generated three-dimensional environment. Sensory information is delivered through a head mounted display and specialized interface devices. These devices track head movements so that the movements and images change in a natural way with head motion, allowing for a sense of immersion. VR allows for controlled delivery of sensory stimulation via the therapist and is a convenient and cost-effective treatment. The primary focus of this article is to review the available literature regarding the effectiveness of incorporating VR within the psychiatric treatment of a wide range of psychiatric disorders, with a specific focus on exposure-based intervention for anxiety disorders. A systematic literature search was conducted in order to identify studies implementing VR based treatment for anxiety or other psychiatric disorders. This review will provide an overview of the history of the development of VR based technology and its use within psychiatric treatment, an overview of the empirical evidence for VR based treatment, the benefits for using VR for psychiatric research and treatment, recommendations for how to incorporate VR into psychiatric care, and future directions for VR based treatment and clinical research.

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Virtual reality in the psychological treatment for mental health problems: An systematic review of recent evidence.

Lucia Valmaggia, Leila Latif, Matthew J Kempton … (2016)

The aim of this paper is to provide a review of controlled studies of the use of Virtual Reality in psychological treatment (VRT). Medline, PsychInfo, Embase and Web of Science were searched. Only studies comparing immersive virtual reality to a control condition were included. The search resulted in 1180 articles published between 2012 and 2015, of these, 24 were controlled studies. The reviewed studies confirm the effectiveness of VRT compared to treatment as usual, and show similar effectiveness when VRT is compared to conventional treatments. Current developments and future research are discussed.