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      Exploring the Neural Basis of Avatar Identification in Pathological Internet Gamers and of Self-Reflection in Pathological Social Network Users

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          Abstract

          Background and aims

          Internet gaming addiction appears to be related to self-concept deficits and increased angular gyrus (AG)-related identification with one’s avatar. For increased social network use, a few existing studies suggest striatal-related positive social feedback as an underlying factor. However, whether an impaired self-concept and its reward-based compensation through the online presentation of an idealized version of the self are related to pathological social network use has not been investigated yet. We aimed to compare different stages of pathological Internet game and social network use to explore the neural basis of avatar and self-identification in addictive use.

          Methods

          About 19 pathological Internet gamers, 19 pathological social network users, and 19 healthy controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while completing a self-retrieval paradigm, asking participants to rate the degree to which various self-concept-related characteristics described their self, ideal, and avatar. Self-concept-related characteristics were also psychometrically assessed.

          Results

          Psychometric testing indicated that pathological Internet gamers exhibited higher self-concept deficits generally, whereas pathological social network users exhibit deficits in emotion regulation only. We observed left AG hyperactivations in Internet gamers during avatar reflection and a correlation with symptom severity. Striatal hypoactivations during self-reflection (vs. ideal reflection) were observed in social network users and were correlated with symptom severity.

          Discussion and conclusion

          Internet gaming addiction appears to be linked to increased identification with one’s avatar, evidenced by high left AG activations in pathological Internet gamers. Addiction to social networks seems to be characterized by emotion regulation deficits, reflected by reduced striatal activation during self-reflection compared to during ideal reflection.

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          Most cited references72

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          A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use

          R.A. Davis (2001)
          Article 0 comments Cited 667 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Neurocircuitry of addiction.

            George F Koob, Nora D. Volkow (2010)
            Drug addiction is a chronically relapsing disorder that has been characterized by (1) compulsion to seek and take the drug, (2) loss of control in limiting intake, and (3) emergence of a negative emotional state (eg, dysphoria, anxiety, irritability) reflecting a motivational withdrawal syndrome when access to the drug is prevented. Drug addiction has been conceptualized as a disorder that involves elements of both impulsivity and compulsivity that yield a composite addiction cycle composed of three stages: 'binge/intoxication', 'withdrawal/negative affect', and 'preoccupation/anticipation' (craving). Animal and human imaging studies have revealed discrete circuits that mediate the three stages of the addiction cycle with key elements of the ventral tegmental area and ventral striatum as a focal point for the binge/intoxication stage, a key role for the extended amygdala in the withdrawal/negative affect stage, and a key role in the preoccupation/anticipation stage for a widely distributed network involving the orbitofrontal cortex-dorsal striatum, prefrontal cortex, basolateral amygdala, hippocampus, and insula involved in craving and the cingulate gyrus, dorsolateral prefrontal, and inferior frontal cortices in disrupted inhibitory control. The transition to addiction involves neuroplasticity in all of these structures that may begin with changes in the mesolimbic dopamine system and a cascade of neuroadaptations from the ventral striatum to dorsal striatum and orbitofrontal cortex and eventually dysregulation of the prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus, and extended amygdala. The delineation of the neurocircuitry of the evolving stages of the addiction syndrome forms a heuristic basis for the search for the molecular, genetic, and neuropharmacological neuroadaptations that are key to vulnerability for developing and maintaining addiction.
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              An automated method for neuroanatomic and cytoarchitectonic atlas-based interrogation of fMRI data sets.

              Joseph A. Maldjian, Paul J. Laurienti, Robert A. Kraft … (2003)
              Analysis and interpretation of functional MRI (fMRI) data have traditionally been based on identifying areas of significance on a thresholded statistical map of the entire imaged brain volume. This form of analysis can be likened to a "fishing expedition." As we become more knowledgeable about the structure-function relationships of different brain regions, tools for a priori hypothesis testing are needed. These tools must be able to generate region of interest masks for a priori hypothesis testing consistently and with minimal effort. Current tools that generate region of interest masks required for a priori hypothesis testing can be time-consuming and are often laboratory specific. In this paper we demonstrate a method of hypothesis-driven data analysis using an automated atlas-based masking technique. We provide a powerful method of probing fMRI data using automatically generated masks based on lobar anatomy, cortical and subcortical anatomy, and Brodmann areas. Hemisphere, lobar, anatomic label, tissue type, and Brodmann area atlases were generated in MNI space based on the Talairach Daemon. Additionally, we interfaced these multivolume atlases to a widely used fMRI software package, SPM99, and demonstrate the use of the atlas tool with representative fMRI data. This tool represents a necessary evolution in fMRI data analysis for testing of more spatially complex hypotheses.
              Article 0 comments Cited 401 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (pmc): jba
                Journal ID (publisher-id): 2006
                Title: Journal of Behavioral Addictions
                Abbreviated Title: J Behav Addict
                Publisher: Akadémiai Kiadó (Budapest )
                ISSN (Print): 2062-5871
                ISSN (Electronic): 2063-5303
                Publication date (Electronic, epub): 07 14 2016
                Publication date (Print, ppub): September 2016
                Volume: 5
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 485-499
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health , Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim, Germany
                [ 2 ]Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Karlsruhe, Germany
                [ 3 ]Department of Biostatistics, Central Institute of Mental Health , Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University , Mannheim, Germany
                [ 4 ]Medical Quality Management, Kraichtal Clinics , Kraichtal, Germany
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: Tagrid Leménager, PhD; Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, D-68159 Mannheim, Germany; Phone: +49 621 1703 3907; Fax: +49 621 1703 3505; E-mail: Tagrid.Lemenager@ 123456zi-mannheim.de
                Article
                DOI: 10.1556/2006.5.2016.048
                PMC ID: 5264416
                PubMed ID: 27415603
                SO-VID: 3ce79812-738c-488c-a000-0bd6ecab4bf9
                Copyright © © 2016 The Author(s)
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial purposes, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 17 November 2015
                Date accepted : 09 May 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 63, Pages: 15
                Funding
                Funding sources: This study was supported by the Ministerium für Arbeit und Sozialordnung, Familie, Frauen und Senioren, Baden-Württemberg, Germany (reference number 55-5072-7.1; PI: Prof. Dr. med. Karl Mann, Co-PI: Dr. Tagrid Leménager).
                Categories
                Subject: Full-Length Report

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine,Psychology,Social & Behavioral Sciences,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: angular gyrus,pathological Internet gaming,avatar identification,self-concept deficits,pathological social network use,striatum
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine, Psychology, Social & Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: angular gyrus, pathological Internet gaming, avatar identification, self-concept deficits, pathological social network use, striatum

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