NIRSTORM: a Brainstorm extension dedicated to functional near-infrared spectroscopy data analysis, advanced 3D reconstructions, and optimal probe design

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Abstract.

Significance

Understanding the brain’s complex functions requires multimodal approaches that combine data from various neuroimaging techniques. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) offers valuable insights into hemodynamic responses, complementing other modalities such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and magnetic resonance imaging. However, there is a lack of comprehensive and accessible toolboxes able to integrate fNIRS advanced analyses with other modalities. NIRSTORM addresses this gap by offering a unified platform for multimodal neuroimaging analysis.

Aim

NIRSTORM aims to provide a user-friendly and comprehensive environment for multimodal analysis while supporting the entire fNIRS analysis pipeline, from experiment planning to the reconstruction of hemodynamic fluctuations on the cortex.

Approach

Developed in MATLAB ^®, NIRSTORM operates as a Brainstorm plugin, enhancing Brainstorm’s capabilities for analyzing fNIRS data. Brainstorm is a widely used, GUI-based software originally designed for statistical analysis and source imaging of EEG and MEG data.

Results

NIRSTORM supports conventional fNIRS preprocessing and statistical analyses while introducing new advanced features such as optimal montage for planning optode placement and maximum entropy on the mean (MEM) for reconstructing hemodynamic fluctuations on the cortical surface.

Conclusion

As an open-access and user-friendly plugin, NIRSTORM extends Brainstorm’s functionality to fNIRS, bridging the gap between EEG/MEG and hemodynamic analyses.

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All references

Author and article information

Contributors

Édouard Delaire:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1421-1071

Thomas Vincent

Zhengchen Cai

Alexis Machado

Laurent Hugueville

Denis Schwartz:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8557-2934

Francois Tadel:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5726-7126

Raymundo Cassani

Louis Bherer

Jean-Marc Lina

Mélanie Pélégrini-Issac

Christophe Grova:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2775-9968

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Neurophotonics

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Neurophotonics

Journal ID (coden): NEUROW

Journal ID (publisher-id): NPh

Title: Neurophotonics

Publisher: Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers

ISSN (Print): 2329-423X

ISSN (Electronic): 2329-4248

Publication date (Electronic): 15 May 2025

Publication date (Print): April 2025

Publication date PMC-release: 15 May 2025

Volume: 12

Issue: 2

Electronic Location Identifier: 025011

Affiliations

[a ]Concordia University , School of Health, PERFORM Centre, Montréal, Quebec, Canada

[b ]Concordia University , Multimodal Functional Imaging Laboratory, Department of Physics, Montréal, Quebec, Canada

[c ]Montreal Heart Institute , EPIC Center, Montréal, Quebec, Canada

[d ]McGill University , Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

[e ]McGill University , Multimodal Functional Imaging Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Department, Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

[f ]Institut du Cerveau ICM , Centre MEG-EEG, Paris, France

[g ]Inserm , CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Lyon, France

[h ]Independent Research Engineer , Grenoble, France

[i ]McGill University , Montreal Neurological Institute, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

[j ]Université de Montréal , Department of Medicine, Montréal, Quebec, Canada

[k ]École de Technologie Supérieure , Electrical Engineering Department, Montréal, Quebec, Canada

[l ]Sorbonne Université , CNRS, Inserm, Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France

Author notes

[* ]Address all correspondence to Édouard Delaire, edouard.delaire@ 123456concordia.ca ; Christophe Grova, christophe.grova@ 123456concordia.ca

Author information

Édouard Delaire https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1421-1071

Denis Schwartz https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8557-2934

Francois Tadel https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5726-7126

Christophe Grova https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2775-9968

Article

Publisher-manuscript ID: NPh-24077GR Publisher ID: 24077GR

DOI: 10.1117/1.NPh.12.2.025011

PMC ID: 12081164

PubMed ID: 40375973

SO-VID: 3cfa7912-c620-424b-9cc7-a27c3ddd5328

License:

Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

History

Date received : 5 September 2024

Date revision received : 12 March 2025

Date accepted : 2 April 2025

Page count

Figures: 9, Tables: 0, References: 114, Pages: 32

Funding

Funded by: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery

Funded by: Canadian Institutes of Health Research

Award ID: PJT-159448

Funded by: Fonds de Recherche du Québec—Nature et technologies (FRQNT) Research team

Funded by: NSERC Research Tools and Instrumentation Program and the Canadian Foundation for Innovation

Funded by: NIH grant for USC: “Signal & Image Processing Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA”

This study was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC Discovery grant), a grant from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) (Grant No. PJT-159448), and the Fonds de Recherche du Québec—Nature et Technologies (FRQNT), research team grants held by CG. fNIRS equipment was acquired using grants from NSERC Research Tools and Instrumentation Program and the Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CG). From 2018 to 2023, FT was supported by the US National Institutes of Health, through the University of Southern California: “Signal & Image Processing Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.”

Custom metadata

running-head Delaire et al.: NIRSTORM: a Brainstorm extension dedicated to functional…

Keywords: toolbox,functional near-infrared spectroscopy,conventional functional near-infrared spectroscopy analysis,near-infrared optical tomography,optimal montage,advanced multimodal integration

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