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      Estudio retrospectivo de los pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de tosferina que son atendidos en urgencias de un hospital de tercer nivel Translated title: Retrospective study of patients with a confirmed diagnosis of whooping cough treated in the emergency room of a tertiary hospital

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          Abstract

          Introducción: se analizan las características clínicas, pruebas complementarias y tratamientos recibidos por los pacientes con diagnóstico de tosferina que son valorados en Urgencias de Pediatría. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de los casos de tosferina que consultaron en Urgencias de Pediatría de un hospital de tercer nivel entre marzo de 2014 y octubre de 2017. Resultados: se analizaron 89 casos (55% mujeres) con edad media de 1,67 ± 2,9 años. El 98,9% presentó tos, el 33% gallo inspiratorio y el 34,8% apneas. En el 64% de los casos había entorno epidémico de tos o tosferina. La media de visitas en urgencias durante el mismo proceso fue 1,4. Diagnósticos más frecuentes en la primera visita a urgencias: tos (36%), sospecha de tosferina (22,5%), infección respiratoria de vías altas (19,1%) y bronquiolitis (9%). Ingresaron 56 pacientes (62,9%), con una edad media de 0,38 ± 1,2 años. Se realizó cultivo para Bordetella en 88 casos (positivo para B. pertussis en 38 y B. parapertussis en tres) y reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en 73 (positivo para B. pertussis en 70 y B. parapertussis en tres). Conclusiones: el diagnóstico de tosferina habitualmente es difícil, ya que la sintomatología inicialmente es inespecífica. El diagnóstico precoz es fundamental para iniciar un tratamiento inmediato y realizar una adecuada profilaxis de contactos.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction: the aim of the study was to analyse the clinical characteristics, diagnostic tests performed and treatment used in patients with pertussis evaluated in the paediatric emergency setting. Material and methods: we conducted a retrospective descriptive study of patients with pertussis that sought care in the paediatric emergency department of a tertiary care hospital between March 2014 and October 2017. Results: the sample included 89 patients with a mean age of 1.67 ± 2.9 years. Of the total, 98.9% presented with cough, 33% with inspiratory whoop and 34.8% with apnoea. Sixty-four percent of cases occurred in the context of an epidemic of cough or pertussis. The mean number of emergency visits made during a single episode of disease was 1.4. The most frequent diagnoses in the initial emergency visit were cough (36%), suspected pertussis (22.5%), upper respiratory tract infection (19.1%) and bronchiolitis (9%). Fifty-six patients were admitted to hospital (62.9%) with a mean age of 0.38 ± 1.2 years. Cultures for detection of Bordetella were performed in 88 cases (positive for B. pertussis in 38 and B. parapertussis in 3), and PCR tests in 73 (positive for B. pertussis in 70 and B. parapertussis in 3). Conclusions: the diagnosis of pertussis is usually challenging, as its initial symptoms are nonspecific. Early diagnosis is essential for early initiation of treatment and adequate contact prophylaxis.

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          Pertussis: Microbiology, Disease, Treatment, and Prevention.

          Pertussis is a severe respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis, and in 2008, pertussis was associated with an estimated 16 million cases and 195,000 deaths globally. Sizeable outbreaks of pertussis have been reported over the past 5 years, and disease reemergence has been the focus of international attention to develop a deeper understanding of pathogen virulence and genetic evolution of B. pertussis strains. During the past 20 years, the scientific community has recognized pertussis among adults as well as infants and children. Increased recognition that older children and adolescents are at risk for disease and may transmit B. pertussis to younger siblings has underscored the need to better understand the role of innate, humoral, and cell-mediated immunity, including the role of waning immunity. Although recognition of adult pertussis has increased in tandem with a better understanding of B. pertussis pathogenesis, pertussis in neonates and adults can manifest with atypical clinical presentations. Such disease patterns make pertussis recognition difficult and lead to delays in treatment. Ongoing research using newer tools for molecular analysis holds promise for improved understanding of pertussis epidemiology, bacterial pathogenesis, bioinformatics, and immunology. Together, these advances provide a foundation for the development of new-generation diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines.
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            Pertussis vaccines: WHO position paper.

            (2010)
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              Increasing incidence of pertussis in Brazil: a retrospective study using surveillance data

              Background Many countries have reported an increase in the incidence of pertussis, which has become a global public health concern. Methods In this study, the epidemiology of pertussis in Brazil was assessed retrospectively using surveillance data gathered from case notification forms from 2007 to 2014. Results From 2007 to 2014, 80,068 suspected cases of pertussis were reported in Brazil. Of these, 24,612 (32 %) were confirmed by various criteria. The annual distribution of confirmed cases demonstrated a significant increase in incidence rate since 2012. A seasonal pattern in which cases occur most frequently between the end of spring and midsummer has been identified. Among the confirmed cases, 34.5 % occurred in infants aged 0–2 months, 22.4 % occurred in infants aged 3–6 months, 21 % occurred in children aged 7 months to 4 years, and 8 % were reported in adults >21 years. Of the confirmed cases, 47.2 % met only clinical criteria, 15.5 % met clinical and epidemiological criteria, and 36.6 % were confirmed in a laboratory. The overall case fatality rate was 2.1 %, reaching 4.7 % among infants aged 0–2 months. The complications most commonly reported in the notification forms were pneumonia, encephalitis, dehydration, otitis, and malnutrition. Of the confirmed cases, 23.1 % occurred in subjects who received at least 3 doses of the pertussis vaccine. Within this group, there were 1098 infants aged 7 to 15 months and 2079 children aged 16 months to 4 years. In 2012, 18 states did not achieve 95 % immunization coverage, a number that dropped to 10 and 6 in 2013 and 2014, respectively. Conclusions Brazil’s main challenges in facing pertussis resurgence will be to offer the best quality medical attention to reduce mortality, to improve the infrastructure for laboratory diagnosis and to increase vaccination coverage. Additional studies to assess the effectiveness of the current vaccination schedule and basic research on the genetics and evolution of circulating B. pertussis strains are also needed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                pap
                Pediatría Atención Primaria
                Rev Pediatr Aten Primaria
                Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1139-7632
                December 2020
                : 22
                : 88
                : e197-e201
                Affiliations
                [3] Zaragoza orgnameHospital Universitario Miguel Servet orgdiv1Servicio de Pediatría orgdiv2Unidad de Infectología Pediátrica España
                [4] Zaragoza orgnameHospital Universitario Miguel Servet orgdiv1Unidad de Urgencias de Pediatría España
                [2] Zaragoza orgnameHospital Infantil Universitario Miguel Servet orgdiv1Servicio de Pediatría España
                [1] Zaragoza orgnameHospital Universitario Miguel Servet España
                Article
                S1139-76322020000500005 S1139-7632(20)02208800005
                3d11b868-1372-4989-abad-af559302a9e9

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

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                SciELO Spain

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                Pertussis,Tosferina
                Pertussis, Tosferina

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