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      Taurine and Ginsenoside Rf Induce BDNF Expression in SH-SY5Y Cells: A Potential Role of BDNF in Corticosterone-Triggered Cellular Damage

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          Abstract

          This study shows that taurine and ginsenoside Rf act synergistically to increase the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The increase of BDNF mRNA by taurine and ginsenoside Rf was markedly attenuated by inhibitors of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. In addition, taurine and ginsenoside Rf protected cells from corticosterone-induced BDNF suppression and reduced cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase release. The results from this study showed that combined treatment with both taurine and ginsenoside Rf enhanced BDNF expression and protected cells against corticosterone-induced damage.

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          Role of ginsenosides, the main active components of Panax ginseng, in inflammatory responses and diseases

          Ji Kim, Young-Su Yi, Mi-Yeon Kim … (2016)
          Panax ginseng is one of the most universally used herbal medicines in Asian and Western countries. Most of the biological activities of ginseng are derived from its main constituents, ginsenosides. Interestingly, a number of studies have reported that ginsenosides and their metabolites/derivatives—including ginsenoside (G)-Rb1, compound K, G-Rb2, G-Rd, G-Re, G-Rg1, G-Rg3, G-Rg5, G-Rh1, G-Rh2, and G-Rp1—exert anti-inflammatory activities in inflammatory responses by suppressing the production of proinflammatory cytokines and regulating the activities of inflammatory signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor-κB and activator protein-1. This review discusses recent studies regarding molecular mechanisms by which ginsenosides play critical roles in inflammatory responses and diseases, and provides evidence showing their potential to prevent and treat inflammatory diseases.
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            Physiological role of taurine--from organism to organelle.

            I H Lambert, D M Kristensen, J. B. Holm … (2015)
            Taurine is often referred to as a semi-essential amino acid as newborn mammals have a limited ability to synthesize taurine and have to rely on dietary supply. Taurine is not thought to be incorporated into proteins as no aminoacyl tRNA synthetase has yet been identified and is not oxidized in mammalian cells. However, taurine contributes significantly to the cellular pool of organic osmolytes and has accordingly been acknowledged for its role in cell volume restoration following osmotic perturbation. This review describes taurine homeostasis in cells and organelles with emphasis on taurine biophysics/membrane dynamics, regulation of transport proteins involved in active taurine uptake and passive taurine release as well as physiological processes, for example, development, lung function, mitochondrial function, antioxidative defence and apoptosis which seem to be affected by a shift in the expression of the taurine transporters and/or the cellular taurine content. © 2014 Scandinavian Physiological Society. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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              Taurine interaction with neurotransmitter receptors in the CNS: an update.

              Arne Schousboe, Jan Albrecht (2005)
              Taurine appears to have multiple functions in the brain participating both in volume regulation and neurotransmission. In the latter context it may exert its actions by serving as an agonist at receptors of the GABAergic and glycinergic neurotransmitter systems. Its interaction with GABAA and GABAB receptors as well as with glycine receptors is reviewed and the physiological relevance of such interactions is evaluated. The question as to whether local extracellular concentrations of taurine are likely to reach the threshold level for the pertinent receptor populations cannot presently be answered satisfactorily. Hence more sophisticated analytical methods are warranted in order to obtain a definite answer to this important question.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Claus Jacob: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 18 June 2020
                Publication date Collection: June 2020
                Volume: 25
                Issue: 12
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2819
                Affiliations
                Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; 486251793@ 123456naver.com (W.J.L.); kyung9642@ 123456naver.com (G.H.L.); jinwoo910218@ 123456naver.com (J.H.); krci-12@ 123456daum.net (H.G.L.); np-gennao@ 123456hanmail.net (E.K.); ww94ww@ 123456naver.com (J.P.W.); moonjae@ 123456konkuk.ac.kr (Y.C.); choimj@ 123456konkuk.ac.kr (M.-J.C.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: hgseo@ 123456konkuk.ac.kr ; Tel.: +82-245-004-28; Fax: +82-245-510-44
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2811-9703
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9123-3816
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-25-02819
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122819
                PMC ID: 7356094
                PubMed ID: 32570881
                SO-VID: 3d2ed0e9-76c0-41be-9e3e-23c7d80a6b9c
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 24 May 2020
                Date accepted : 17 June 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: bdnf,corticosterone,ginsenoside rf,neuronal damage,sh-sy5y cells,taurine
                Data availability:
                Keywords: bdnf, corticosterone, ginsenoside rf, neuronal damage, sh-sy5y cells, taurine

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