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      Shift work and pathological conditions

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          Abstract

          Shift work exerts major influences on the physiological functions of the human body. These are primarily mediated by the disruption of circadian rhythms since most body functions are circadian rhythmic. Next to the disturbances caused by changes in the circadian system, shift work has also been suggested to be related to a number of other health disorders. The present study summarizes recently published data on the potential relationship between disorders and shift working.

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          Is there an association between shift work and having a metabolic syndrome? Results from a population based study of 27,485 people.

          B. Karlsson (2001)
          To explore how metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) differ between shift workers and day workers in a defined population. Shift work has been associated with an increased risk of CVD. Risk factors and causal pathways for this association are only partly known. A working population of 27,485 people from the Västerbotten intervention program (VIP) has been analysed. Cross sectional data, including blood sampling and questionnaires were collected in a health survey. Obesity was more prevalent among shift workers in all age strata of women, but only in two out of four age groups in men. Increased triglycerides (>1.7 mmol/l) were more common among two age groups of shift working women but not among men. Low concentrations of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (men<0.9 and women<1.0 mmol/l) were present in the youngest age group of shift workers in both men and women. Impaired glucose tolerance was more often found among 60 year old women shift workers. Obesity and high triglycerides persisted as risk factors in shift working men and women after adjusting for age and socioeconomic factors, with an OR of 1.4 for obesity and 1.1 for high triglyceride concentrations. The relative risks for women working shifts versus days with one, two, and three metabolic variables were 1.06, 1.20, and 1.71, respectively. The corresponding relative risks for men were 0.99, 1.30, and 1.63, respectively. In this study, obesity, high triglycerides, and low concentrations of HDL cholesterol seem to cluster together more often in shift workers than in day workers, which might indicate an association between shift work and the metabolic syndrome.
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            Shift work, risk factors and cardiovascular disease.

            Henrik Bøggild, Anders Knutsson (1999)
            The literature on shift work, morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease, and changes in traditional risk factors is reviewed. Seventeen studies have dealt with shift work and cardiovascular disease risk. On balance, shift workers were found to have a 40% increase in risk. Causal mechanisms of this risk via known cardiovascular risk factors, in relation to circadian rhythms, disturbed sociotemporal patterns, social support, stress, behavior (smoking, diet, alcohol, exercise), and biochemical changes (cholesterol, triglycerides, etc) are discussed. The risk is probably multifactorial, but the literature has focused on the behavior of shift workers and has neglected other possible causal connections. In most studies methodological problems are present; these problems are related to selection bias, exposure classification, outcome classification, and the appropriateness of comparison groups. Suggestions for the direction of future research on this topic are proposed.
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              Health disorders of shift workers.

              Anders Knutsson (2003)
              The effects of shift work on physiological function through disruption of circadian rhythms are well described. However, shift work can also be associated with specific pathological disorders. This article reviews the evidence for a relationship between specific medical disorders and working at night or on shift systems. The strongest evidence exists for an association with peptic ulcer disease, coronary heart disease and compromised pregnancy outcome.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Occup Med Toxicol
                Title: Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology (London, England)
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1745-6673
                Publication date Collection: 2006
                Publication date (Electronic): 11 December 2006
                Volume: 1
                Page: 25
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Occupational Medicine, University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
                [2 ]Department of Occupational Medicine, VW-Nutzfahrzeuge, D-30405 Hannover, Germany
                [3 ]Department of Prevention, Norddeutsche Metall-Berufsgenossenschaft, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1745-6673-1-25
                DOI: 10.1186/1745-6673-1-25
                PMC ID: 1702362
                PubMed ID: 17156476
                SO-VID: 3d446166-728f-4956-a6b9-e58ae535c40d
                Copyright © Copyright © 2006 van Mark et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 10 January 2006
                Date accepted : 11 December 2006
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Occupational & Environmental medicine
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Occupational & Environmental medicine

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