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      Severe Air Pollution and Psychological Distress in China: The Interactive Effects of Coping and Perceived Controllability

      research-article
      1 , 2 , *
      Frontiers in Psychology
      Frontiers Media S.A.
      coping, air pollution, depression, anxiety, coping flexibility, trauma

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          Abstract

          The coping styles of focusing on a stressor (i.e., trauma focus), and moving beyond the emotional impact of a stressor (i.e., forward focus), have both been found beneficial to psychological adjustment. This study investigated whether these two coping styles are similarly associated with adjustment across levels of perceived controllability and beyond European-American contexts. During China’s peak of air pollution in 2014, we surveyed 250 young- to middle- aged adults online to measure their coping behaviors, smog perceptions, and psychological distress, and collected objective data of pollution severity in the respondents’ cities. Results showed that forward-focus coping was generally associated with lower distress and trauma-focus coping was associated with greater distress. Perceived controllability significantly moderated the associations between trauma focus (but not forward focus) and distress. These findings suggest that while forward focus correlated with beneficial adjustment outcomes in coping with air pollution, the extensive processing of event-related cognitions and emotions in trauma focus may be detrimental, especially for events perceived to be less controllable. We discussed the implications of our findings within an interdependent cultural context.

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          G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences

          G*Power (Erdfelder, Faul, & Buchner, 1996) was designed as a general stand-alone power analysis program for statistical tests commonly used in social and behavioral research. G*Power 3 is a major extension of, and improvement over, the previous versions. It runs on widely used computer platforms (i.e., Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Mac OS X 10.4) and covers many different statistical tests of the t, F, and chi2 test families. In addition, it includes power analyses for z tests and some exact tests. G*Power 3 provides improved effect size calculators and graphic options, supports both distribution-based and design-based input modes, and offers all types of power analyses in which users might be interested. Like its predecessors, G*Power 3 is free.
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            A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.

            Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common mental disorders; however, there is no brief clinical measure for assessing GAD. The objective of this study was to develop a brief self-report scale to identify probable cases of GAD and evaluate its reliability and validity. A criterion-standard study was performed in 15 primary care clinics in the United States from November 2004 through June 2005. Of a total of 2740 adult patients completing a study questionnaire, 965 patients had a telephone interview with a mental health professional within 1 week. For criterion and construct validity, GAD self-report scale diagnoses were compared with independent diagnoses made by mental health professionals; functional status measures; disability days; and health care use. A 7-item anxiety scale (GAD-7) had good reliability, as well as criterion, construct, factorial, and procedural validity. A cut point was identified that optimized sensitivity (89%) and specificity (82%). Increasing scores on the scale were strongly associated with multiple domains of functional impairment (all 6 Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey scales and disability days). Although GAD and depression symptoms frequently co-occurred, factor analysis confirmed them as distinct dimensions. Moreover, GAD and depression symptoms had differing but independent effects on functional impairment and disability. There was good agreement between self-report and interviewer-administered versions of the scale. The GAD-7 is a valid and efficient tool for screening for GAD and assessing its severity in clinical practice and research.
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              Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.

              Psychological Review, 98(2), 224-253
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Psychol
                Front Psychol
                Front. Psychol.
                Frontiers in Psychology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-1078
                02 June 2021
                2021
                : 12
                : 601964
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, China
                [2] 2Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem, NC, United States
                Author notes

                Edited by: Wai Kai Hou, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

                Reviewed by: Maurice Yolles, Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom; Christine Ma-Kellams, Harvard University, United States

                *Correspondence: Yitong Zhao, ytzhao1009@ 123456gmail.com

                These authors have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship

                This article was submitted to Health Psychology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology

                Article
                10.3389/fpsyg.2021.601964
                8206483
                3d5a90c4-5551-4d8e-a438-5eac0cd0e723
                Copyright © 2021 Zhu and Zhao.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 03 February 2021
                : 20 April 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 78, Pages: 9, Words: 0
                Categories
                Psychology
                Original Research

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                coping,air pollution,depression,anxiety,coping flexibility, trauma
                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                coping, air pollution, depression, anxiety, coping flexibility, trauma

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