Evaluation of viral load in infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus

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Abstract

The relationship between viral load, disease severity and antiviral immune activation in infants suffering from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-associated bronchiolitis has not been well identified. The main objective of this study was to determine the existence of a correlation between RSV load and disease severity and also between different clinical markers and mRNA levels of the interferon stimulated gene (ISG)56 in infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis. We also evaluated whether viral load tended to be persistent over the course of the RSV infection. The levels of RSV-RNA were quantified in nasopharyngeal washings, collected from 132 infants infected with RSV as a single (90.15%) or as a dual infection with other respiratory viruses (9.85%). Results indicated that viral load was positively related to the clinical severity of bronchiolitis, the length of hospital stay, the levels of glycemia and the relative gene expression of ISG56, whereas an inverse correlation was observed with the levels of hemoglobin. We also found that the RSV load significantly decreased between the first and second nasopharingeal washings sample in most subjects. These results suggest that infants with high RSV load on hospital admission are more likely to have both more severe bronchiolitis and a higher airway activation of antiviral immune response.

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Most cited references 36

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IFIT1 is an antiviral protein that recognizes 5'-triphosphate RNA.

Andreas Pichlmair, Caroline Lassnig, Carol-Ann Eberle … (2011)

Antiviral innate immunity relies on the recognition of microbial structures. One such structure is viral RNA that carries a triphosphate group on its 5' terminus (PPP-RNA). By an affinity proteomics approach with PPP-RNA as the 'bait', we found that the antiviral protein IFIT1 (interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1) mediated binding of a larger protein complex containing other IFIT family members. IFIT1 bound PPP-RNA with nanomolar affinity and required the arginine at position 187 in a highly charged carboxy-terminal groove of the protein. In the absence of IFIT1, the growth and pathogenicity of viruses containing PPP-RNA was much greater. In contrast, IFIT proteins were dispensable for the clearance of pathogens that did not generate PPP-RNA. On the basis of this specificity and the great abundance of IFIT proteins after infection, we propose that the IFIT complex antagonizes viruses by sequestering specific viral nucleic acids.

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Dual Infection of Infants by Human Metapneumovirus and Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Is Strongly Associated with Severe Bronchiolitis

Malcolm G. Semple, Angela Cowell, Winfred Dove … (2005)

Abstract The association between severe bronchiolitis and dual infection by human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) was investigated in !2-year-old infants with bronchiolitis who were admitted to the hospital during the 2001–2002 winter season. hMPV in nasopharyngeal aspirate and/or cells and fluid collected by nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage was detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). hRSV was detected in nasopharyngeal aspirate and/or cells and fluid collected by nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage by enzyme immunoassay, tissue culture, and RT-PCR. Dual infection with hMPV and hRSV confers a 10-fold increase in relative risk (RR) of admission to a pediatric intensive-care unit for mechanical ventilation (RR, 10.99 [95% confidence interval, 5.0–24.12]; P < .001, by Fisher exact test). Dual infection by hMPV and hRSV is associated with severe bronchiolitis.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Carolina Scagnolari: +39-06-44741246 , +39-06-44741236 , carolina.scagnolari@uniroma1.it

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Med Microbiol Immunol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Med. Microbiol. Immunol

Title: Medical Microbiology and Immunology

Publisher: Springer-Verlag (Berlin/Heidelberg )

ISSN (Print): 0300-8584

ISSN (Electronic): 1432-1831

Publication date (Electronic): 10 March 2012

Publication date (Print): 2012

Volume: 201

Issue: 3

Pages: 311-317

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.7841.a, Laboratory of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, , Sapienza University of Rome, ; Viale di Porta Tiburtina 28, 00185 Rome, Italy

[2 ]GRID grid.7841.a, Pediatric Department, , Sapienza University of Rome, ; Rome, Italy

Article

Publisher ID: 233

DOI: 10.1007/s00430-012-0233-6

PMC ID: 7086883

PubMed ID: 22406873

SO-VID: 3d6341f3-21e0-475f-9728-dcc5244b934b

License:

This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.