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      Actinobacillus equuli ssp. haemolyticus in a semi-occlusively treated horse bite wound in a 2-year-old girl

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          Abstract

          We report on the isolation of Actinobacillus equuli ssp. haemolyticus from wound smears of a 2-year-old girl who was admitted to the hospital due to partial amputation of the distal phalanx of her right middle finger caused by a horse bite. A. equuli typically causes diseases in horses and only very few reports describing human infections (mostly associated with wounds) are available in the literature. Interestingly, although the bacteria could be found in consecutive samples taken at different points in time, there were no signs of advancing infection or inflammation. Moreover, the fingertip regenerated after 74 days under semi-occlusive dressings with very pleasant results. For strain identification two automated systems were employed producing discrepant results: VITEK 2 described the pathogens as Pasteurella pneumotropica while MALDI-TOF MS analysis revealed A. equuli. Sequence analysis of 16S rDNA gene finally confirmed A. equuli ssp. haemolyticus as the isolated strain. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to the CLSI criteria for Pasteurella spp. Additionally we conducted a test according to the EUCAST criteria.

          Translated abstract

          Wir berichten über den Nachweis von Actinobacillus equuli ssp. haemolyticus aus Wundabstrichen eines 2 Jahre alten Mädchens, welches sich wegen eines Pferdebisses in der Klinik vorstellte. Diese Verletzung führte zu einer teilweisen Amputation der distalen Phalanx ihres rechten Mittelfingers. Bei A. equuli handelt es sich um Bakterien, welche typischerweise Krankheiten bei Pferden verursachen. Bei Menschen findet A. equulii zumeist als Erreger von Wundinfektionen Erwähnung. Die Erreger konnten zu unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten nachgewiesen werden. Während der gesamten Behandlungsdauer waren keine Zeichen einer fortschreitenden Infektion oder Entzündung zu beobachten. Die Fingerkuppe regenerierte nach 74 Tagen unter semi-occlusiven Verbänden mit einem sehr schönen Ergebnis. Die Erreger wurden mit Hilfe der beiden automatisierten Systeme VITEK 2 und MALDI-TOF MS identifiziert. Die biochemische Untersuchung mittels VITEK 2 identifizierte den Erreger als Pasteurella pneumotropica, wohingegen die massenspektrometrische Analyse A. equuli als Resultat lieferte. Die anschließende Sequenzierung des 16S rDNA Gens erbrachte das Ergebnis A. equuli ssp. haemolyticus und bestätigte somit die Identifikation der MALDI-TOF MS-Analyse. Wir erstellten für den Erreger Antibiogramme nach den Kriterien der amerikanischen Norm (CLSI) für Pasteurella spp. und stellten einen Vergleich zur europäischen Norm (EUCAST) an.

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          Most cited references21

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          EUCAST expert rules in antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

          EUCAST expert rules have been developed to assist clinical microbiologists and describe actions to be taken in response to specific antimicrobial susceptibility test results. They include recommendations on reporting, such as inferring susceptibility to other agents from results with one, suppression of results that may be inappropriate, and editing of results from susceptible to intermediate or resistant or from intermediate to resistant on the basis of an inferred resistance mechanism. They are based on current clinical and/or microbiological evidence. EUCAST expert rules also include intrinsic resistance phenotypes and exceptional resistance phenotypes, which have not yet been reported or are very rare. The applicability of EUCAST expert rules depends on the MIC breakpoints used to define the rules. Setting appropriate clinical breakpoints, based on treating patients and not on the detection of resistance mechanisms, may lead to modification of some expert rules in the future. © 2011 The Authors. Clinical Microbiology and Infection © 2011 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.
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            Dog bites: how big a problem?

            To estimate the magnitude of the dog bite problem in the US. Data on dog bites were gathered as part of a 1994 national telephone survey of 5,238 randomly dialed households. Data were weighted to provide national estimates. The weighted total number of dog bites was 4,494,083 (estimated incidence = 18/1,000 population); of these, 756,701 persons sustained bites necessitating medical attention (incidence rate = 3/1,000). Children had 3.2 times higher medically attended bite rates than adults (6.4/1,000 children v 2/1,000 adults). More attention and research needs to be devoted to the prevention of dog bites. Potential prevention strategies include: educational programs on canine behavior, especially directed at children; laws for regulating dangerous or vicious dogs; enhanced animal control programs; and educational programs regarding responsible dog ownership and training. Unfortunately, the relative or absolute effectiveness of any of these strategies has not been assessed. Continuing surveillance for dog bites will be needed if we are to better understand how to reduce the incidence of dog bites and evaluate prevention efforts.
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              The microbiome in wound repair and tissue fibrosis.

              Bacterial colonization occurs in all wounds, chronic or acute, and the break in epithelium integrity that defines a wound impairs the forces that shape and constrain the microbiome at that site. This review highlights the interactions between bacterial communities in the wound and the ultimate resolution of the wound or development of fibrotic lesions. Chronic wounds support complex microbial communities comprising a wide variety of bacterial phyla, genera, and species, including some fastidious anaerobic bacteria not identified using culture-based methods. Thus, the complexity of bacterial communities in wounds has historically been underestimated. There are a number of intriguing possibilities to explain these results that may also provide novel insights into changes and adaptation of bacterial metabolic networks in inflamed and wounded mucosa, including the critical role of biofilm formation. It is well accepted that the heightened state of activation of host cells in a wound that is driven by the microbiota can certainly lead to detrimental effects on wound regeneration, but the microbiota of the wound may also have beneficial effects on wound healing. Studies in experimental systems have clearly demonstrated a beneficial effect for members of the gut microbiota on regulation of systemic inflammation, which could also impact wound healing at sites outside the gastrointestinal tract. The utilization of culture-independent microbiology to characterize the microbiome of wounds and surrounding mucosa has raised many intriguing questions regarding previously held notions about the cause and effect relationships between bacterial colonization and wound repair and mechanisms involved in this symbiotic relationship. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Ger Med Sci
                Ger Med Sci
                GMS Ger Med Sci
                GMS German Medical Science
                German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
                1612-3174
                24 September 2013
                2013
                : 11
                : Doc14
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Carl-Gustav-Carus, Dresden, Germany
                [2 ]Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Carl-Gustav-Carus, Dresden, Germany
                [3 ]Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Carl-Gustav-Carus, Dresden, Germany
                Author notes
                *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Enno Jacobs, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Carl-Gustav-Carus, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany, Phone: +49-(0)351-458-6605, Fax: +49-(0)351-458-6310, E-mail: enno.jacobs@ 123456tu-dresden.de
                Article
                000182 Doc14 urn:nbn:de:0183-0001825
                10.3205/000182
                3782719
                24068980
                3dd20f3e-2bee-4ef1-afca-31015b40b724
                Copyright © 2013 Schröttner et al.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 26 June 2013
                : 16 September 2013
                Categories
                Article

                Medicine
                actinobacillus equuli,pasteurella,maldi-tof ms,vitek 2,semi-occlusive dressing,finger amputation

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