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      Network of small no-take marine reserves reveals greater abundance and body size of fisheries target species

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          Abstract

          No-take marine reserves (NTRs), i.e. areas with total fishing restrictions, have been established worldwide aiming to promote biodiversity and ecosystem conservation. Brazil has 3.3% of its exclusive economic zone protected by 73 different NTRs, however, most of them currently lack scientific knowledge and understanding of their ecological role, particularly regarding rocky reefs in subtropical regions. In this context, this study aimed to contrast a network of NTRs with comparable fished sites across a coastal biogeographic gradient to investigate the effect of fishing and habitat variability on the abundance and body size of rocky reef fish. We used Baited Remote Underwater stereo-Video (stereo-BRUVs) and Diver Operated stereo-Video (stereo-DOVs) systems to simultaneously sample reef fish and habitat. Model selection and results identified habitat and biogeographic variables, such as distance from shore, as important predictor variables, explaining several aspects of the fish assemblage. The effect of protection was important in determining the abundance and body size of targeted species, in particular for epinephelids and carangids. Conversely, species richness was correlated with habitat complexity but not with protection status. This is the first study using these survey methods in the Southwestern Atlantic, demonstrating how a network of NTRs can provide benchmarks for biodiversity conservation and fisheries management.

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          Fishing down marine food webs

          The mean trophic level of the species groups reported in Food and Agricultural Organization global fisheries statistics declined from 1950 to 1994. This reflects a gradual transition in landings from long-lived, high trophic level, piscivorous bottom fish toward short-lived, low trophic level invertebrates and planktivorous pelagic fish. This effect, also found to be occurring in inland fisheries, is most pronounced in the Northern Hemisphere. Fishing down food webs (that is, at lower trophic levels) leads at first to increasing catches, then to a phase transition associated with stagnating or declining catches. These results indicate that present exploitation patterns are unsustainable.
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            Decadal trends in marine reserves reveal differential rates of change in direct and indirect effects.

            Decadal-scale observations of marine reserves suggest that indirect effects on taxa that occur through cascading trophic interactions take longer to develop than direct effects on target species. Combining and analyzing a unique set of long-term time series of ecologic data in and out of fisheries closures from disparate regions, we found that the time to initial detection of direct effects on target species (±SE) was 5.13 ± 1.9 years, whereas initial detection of indirect effects on other taxa, which were often trait mediated, took significantly longer (13.1 ± 2.0 years). Most target species showed initial direct effects, but their trajectories over time were highly variable. Many target species continued to increase, some leveled off, and others decreased. Decreases were due to natural fluctuations, fishing impacts from outside reserves, or indirect effects from target species at higher trophic levels. The average duration of stable periods for direct effects was 6.2 ± 1.2 years, even in studies of more than 15 years. For indirect effects, stable periods averaged 9.1 ± 1.6 years, although this was not significantly different from direct effects. Populations of directly targeted species were more stable in reserves than in fished areas, suggesting increased ecologic resilience. This is an important benefit of marine reserves with respect to their function as a tool for conservation and restoration.
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              Maintenance of High Diversity in Coral Reef Fish Communities

              Peter Sale (1977)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                10 January 2019
                2019
                : 14
                : 1
                : e0204970
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Rio Claro, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
                [2 ] Laboratório de Pesquisa em Elasmobrânquios, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus do Litoral Paulista, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
                [3 ] The UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia (UWA), Perth, Western Australia, Australia
                [4 ] Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação Marinha, Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
                [5 ] Departamento de Ciências do Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Campus Três Rios, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
                Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GREECE
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                ‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3761-3970
                Article
                PONE-D-18-26910
                10.1371/journal.pone.0204970
                6328244
                30629577
                3df90336-c02e-4ad2-993f-9880788ca730
                © 2019 Rolim et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 14 September 2018
                : 8 December 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 3, Pages: 22
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100009472, Fundação Grupo Boticário de Proteção à Natureza;
                Award ID: 1043_20151
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003593, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico;
                Award ID: 141799/2016-1
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003593, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico;
                Award ID: 308430/2015-8
                Award Recipient :
                This study was supported by the Boticario Foundation for Nature Protection (Otto B. F. Gadig, Project #1043_20151), and by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Brazil (PhD scholarship, Fernanda A. Rolim, CNPq 141799/2016-1; Research productivity grant, Otto B. F. Gadig, CNPq 308430/2015-8). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Agriculture
                Fisheries
                Earth Sciences
                Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Reefs
                Earth Sciences
                Geomorphology
                Topography
                Landforms
                Islands
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Marine Biology
                Coral Reefs
                Earth Sciences
                Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Marine Biology
                Coral Reefs
                Earth Sciences
                Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Reefs
                Coral Reefs
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Ecology
                Plant Ecology
                Plant-Animal Interactions
                Herbivory
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Ecology
                Plant Ecology
                Plant-Animal Interactions
                Herbivory
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Plant Science
                Plant Ecology
                Plant-Animal Interactions
                Herbivory
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Ecology
                Community Ecology
                Trophic Interactions
                Herbivory
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Ecology
                Community Ecology
                Trophic Interactions
                Herbivory
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Ecology
                Ecological Metrics
                Species Diversity
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Ecology
                Ecological Metrics
                Species Diversity
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Animals
                Invertebrates
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Conservation Science
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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